ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I fully believe this thesis could not have been possible completed without the help of many people. First, I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Pham Phu Quoc for his comment and guidance of my thesis. I especially appreciate his continual support in responding, reminding, and assisting in all aspects of this endeavor.
Secondly, I would like to thank my dear colleagues, friends and classmates for their valuable encouragement during the many months that I was working on this thesis. Special thanks for people who spent their precious time with me in the in-depth interview phase and who did join both pilot and main surveys. Last but not least, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my family for their support, their encouragement, and their faith during the time I completed my thesis. LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT Credit cards are being used popular nowadays as a hot trendy in society.
There are many credit card providers in the fierce competition to increase number of people use their products and services. The purpose of this thesis is to examine key factors influencing customer’s credit card use in Ho Chi Minh City. To empirically apply the conceptual model and test the hypotheses, data are collected through a questionnaire involving 118 bank customers who already knew about credit cards. Data are analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and multiple regression analysis.
Convenience perceived has been defined as the strongest predictor of credit card use in Ho Chi Minh City with β = 0.539, followed by compatibility perceived with β = 0.307; and policies were provided by bank with β = 0. However, the findings did not state the negative relationship that exists between risk barriers and credit card use of customers in Ho Chi Minh City with ß = -0. Finding the predominant factors (bank policy, convenience and compatibility) which effect to credit card use can provide credit card providers with valuable insights then they improve their policy as well as emphasize convenience and compatibility attributes to instill confidence among consumers and motivate them to use credit cards. There is very limited previous research on Vietnamese credit card use.
Through a multi- faceted framework, this study extends the literature on influence of bank policy, convenience, and compatibility and risk barriers in the context of credit card use among Vietnamese customers. Keywords - Credit Card Use, Bank Policy, Convenience, Compatibility, Risk Barriers LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .4Research methodology and research scope. 7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .6 The conceptual model and hypotheses of the research. 20 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .1 Step 1: Item generation step.2 Step 2: Pilot study .3 Step 3: Main study .4 Data analysis method.
28 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS .3 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) .1 EFA for variables .2 EFA for Dependent variables. 37 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.4 Multiple Regression Analysis. 38 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, AND LIMITATIONS .3 Limitations and future research. 63 APPENDIX C: Histogram, Normal Regression & Scatter plot of Dependent.
67 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Summary of main research findings on credit card use………………….1 Summarize the reference sources of measurement scale used for each factors ……………………………………………………………………………….2 Source of data collection………………………………………………… 28 Table 4.2 Reliability Statistics……………………………………………………… 33 Table 4.3: KMO and Bartlett's Test………………………………………………… 34 Table 4.4: Rotated Component Matrix for Independent Variable………………… 35 Table 4.5: Total Variance Explained of Dependent Variables…………………… 36 Table 4.6: Table KMO and Bartlett's Test………………………………………….7: Rotated Component Matrix for Dependent Variable…………………… 37 Table 4.8: Total Variance Explained of Independent Variables…………………… 38 Table 4.9: Casewise Diagnostics…………………………………………………… 39 Table 4.14 Summary of hypotheses testing result…………………………………. 45 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FINGURES Figure 2. 25 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces the research background, researches’ motivations, objectives, methodology and scope; and its contribution.1 Research background The overview about credit card use in over the world and Vietnam is discussed in this section. Credit cards are defined as available money which is used in advance and make payment later (Mitchell & Mickel, 1999).
People around the world enjoy making payment by credit cards for variety commodities from low to high value such as electric/water bills, shopping, eating, household commodity, car, house, etc. Besides, with economic growth, the number of people in the middle income increases together with the increasing of people gaining bank account. Furthermore, credit card services and its delivery change a lot with the growing of technology which is considered as the most important factor (Suoranta, Mattila & Munnukka, 2005). Consequently, there are more people and businesses are joining in credit card use as advance financial electronic transactions, then the credit card as a payment method is increasing.
As a result, there are many tough competitions between credit cards providers in getting higher credit card market share. Credit card market grow significantly since the first credit cards were introduced in the 1950s in USA (Durkin, 2000); with increasing number of customers hold credit cards (Devlin, Worthington & Gerrard, 2007). Credit cards are different with other payment modes as they are used as long term credit without any collateral at the time using money (Stavins, 1996, cited by Chakravorti, 2003). Many years ago, bank’s policy permitted only rich people could apply for credit cards.
Step by step, banks lower 1 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com qualifications for customers applying for new credit cards. The fast growth of economy in Asian countries has opened more opportunities for customers in those countries applying credit cards. During the year 2007, credit card use in the Asia Pacific region stood at $1.3 trillion which was 30 percent of global credit card transactions with Japan lead the region in total transactions made through credit cards ($209 billion), follows by South Korea ($203 billion), Australia ($140 billion), Taiwan ($24 billion), then China, New Zealand and India (KPMG, 2009). Due to the huge growth of credit cards use among customers in the emerging markets, studying the customer’s credit card use in those markets is particularly important.
Many researchers believe that the rapid increasing of new middle income customers and advantage technology in emerging markets are two of the determinants that make these markets become attractive to credit card providers around the world. There has been a rapid increase in credit card issuing in Vietnam recently. Between 2009 and 2011, the number of credit card issuing increases by 198 percent and 1.62 million credit cards are issued at the end of 2012 or 2.4 cards per 100 adults (Lafferty, 2013). According to The State Bank (cited in Ocean Bank Annual Report, 2014), until end of October of 2013, Vietnam has 52 payment card providers, with estimated 64 million payment cards; among its credit cards is 3.
Compare with the number 1% which Nielsen Research indicated in 2011 about the number of credit card users in Vietnam (as cited in Military Bank news, 2011), this is a great development of credit card use in Vietnam. In addition, the credit cards were used widely after the Decision of government 291/QD-TTg in 2006 about the plan on non-cash payments for the period from 2006 to 2010 with an extension until 2020 and Regulations 20/200/NHNN about the issuing, using and supplying services to support card payment. These decisions play very important roles in promoting non-cash transactions in Vietnam, by developing infrastructure for non-cash payments and providing incentives 2 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com for financial institutions to apply more advanced technologies in non-cash payment systems. Study by Spire Research and Consulting shows that Vietnam has been beginning to develop into a cashless society and the Vietnam banking and credit card industry has been developing rapidly over the past 10 years (Spire, 2009).
In terms of the overall card payments channel, the share of cash transactions decreased from 3.7% in 2013, while the share of card transactions increase from 1. Dang (2013) states Vietnam credit card market is expected to have some major changes in the next ten years. Most of well- known banks worldwide such as Citibank, ANZ, HSBC as well as local banks as such Vietcombank, Vietinbank, Maritimebank have already implemented many introduction and promotional programs to increase the awareness of credit cards to customers in Vietnam. The challenge of the credit card market in Vietnam is most of the population is still unbanked and cash still dominates as a main payment method for every day transactions.
Besides, although Vietnam’s urban population growth has averaged around 3.5 percent in recent years; Vietnam still has one of the lowest urbanized rates in emerging areas of Asia with the large proportion of the population that lives in the countryside where most of employees are in textiles, agriculture and fisheries fields (Lafferty, 2013). In 2012, some 20 percent of the population has bank accounts but only half of these actively use consumer banking services and many consumers, even though they owned credit or debit cards, still prefer to use cash to make payments for every day transactions in Vietnam (Lafferty, 2013). However there are some significant advantages that make Vietnam become a hot destination for the credit card market. Firstly, Vietnam is one of the fastest growing economies among the developing countries in Asia and Vietnam's GDP per capita subsequently rose during the review period from US$1,097.1 in 2009 to US$1,728.4 in 3 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.
This is reflected the developments of socio-economic status. These developments allow the general Vietnamese to have a better quality of life. Lawrence (2003) claims “Credit cards can be a convenient means of payment, a useful tool for learning financial responsibility, a resource in case of emergencies, a means to establishing a good credit history and a way to gain greater access to credit in the future. With its convenience and usefulness, credit cards of course are being a trendy in the country has socio-economic developments as Vietnam.
Secondly, Vietnam’s young population with a median age of 25 with forecast to grow continually at an annual rate of around 1 percent and is expected to increase to 94.5 million by 2016 offers a good opportunity for continued economic growth at least in the short and medium terms (Lafferty, 2013). Thirdly, the gradual changing in payment habit in Vietnam is an excellent condition for credit card market. Especially, under Vietnam’s trade commitments to the WTO, since January 2011, foreign bank branches in Vietnam have been treated equally to domestic commercial banks in the areas of credit limits and credit guarantees and allowed to establish wholly owned subsidiary banks and set up branches in Vietnam. As a result, several overseas banks have entered the market with strong competition to local bank in providing services with the latest technologies and marketing strategies.
As a result, people can own credit cards more easily than ever before and credit card use is more and more popular particularly in big cities such as Ho Chi Minh or Ha Noi Cities.2 Research motivation As the discussion in research background, Vietnam possesses many advantages to be an ideal destination of international credit card providers in near future. According to Dang (2013), Vietnam is a potential market for credit card providers despite of the limit of credit card use of credit cards due to many Vietnamese have not get acquainted with credit card and their lack of understanding of credit cards, as well as a limited card 4 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com acceptance network.