MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING ********************* NGUYEN DANG KHANH HUYEN FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM GRADUATION THESIS Major: Banking and Financial Code: 7340201 Ho Chi Minh City – 2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING ********************* NGUYEN DANG KHANH HUYEN STUDENT CODE: 050607190175 CLASS: HQ7 – GE07 FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM GRADUATION THESIS Major: Banking and Financial Code: 7340201 SUPERVISOR: DR. DU THI LAN QUYNH Ho Chi Minh City – 2023 ABSTRACT The topic “FACTORS AFFECTING CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM” is based on previous researches related to factors affecting the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks. The scope of the study is 20 commercial banks in Vietnam in the period 2012 – 2021. Furthermore, this research data is secondary data collected from audited consolidated financial statements of commercial banks and the World Bank.
The topic uses a univariate regression model with the dependent variable being the bank’s capital adequacy, and the independent variables being bank size (SIZE), deposits ratio (DEP), return on assets (ROA), loans (LOA), non-performing loans (NPL), and inflation rate (INF). Through the regression models Pooled-OLS, FEM, REM, FGLS along with some tests to find a complete model and have statistical significance. The model estimation results show that SIZE and DEP negatively impact the bank's capital adequacy ratio. Meanwhile, NPL shows a positive effect on banks’ capital adequacy ratio.
On the other hand, ROA, LOA, and INF are non- statistically significant. Based on this research results, the study provides suggestions and policy implications for bank administrators to manage the capital adequacy of Vietnamese commercial banks by at least 8%. Keywords: Capital Adequacy Ratio, Basel, Commercial Banks, Vietnam. DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY I hereby declare that this is my independent thesis.
The data used in the thesis are of clear origin and published following the law. The research results in the thesis are my research and analysis, honestly, objectively, and by following the reality of Vietnam. These results have not been published in any previous papers. Ho Chi Minh City, April 2023 The Author Nguyen Dang Khanh Huyen ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to send my profound gratitude to all the lecturers at Banking University, in the Office of Academic Affairs, and especially to the Faculty of Finance and the Faculty of Banking lecturer while studying for a bachelor’s degree at the Ho Chi Minh University of Banking.
Secondly, I would like to express my sincerest and most profound thankfulness to Dr. Du Thi Lan Quynh for her guidance and patience in giving me valuable recommendations during my study period. I am happy and fortunate to carry out this study under her supervisor. Lastly, I would like to thank my family for their support during my study and life.
Without encouragement and sacrifice, I would not have finished this thesis, so I express my special love and gratitude to them. However, the study cannot avoid certain drawbacks due to the limitation of experience and time. All the comments and advice which are contributed by the examiners are gratefully welcomed and appreciated. Ho Chi Minh City, April 2023 The Author Nguyen Dang Khanh Huyen TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT.
DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY. TABLE OF CONTENT. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. LIST OF TABLES.
LIST OF GRAPHS .1 Reason for choosing the topic .2 The research objectives .3 The research question .4 Subject and scope of the research .7 Contribution of the thesis .8 The proposed layout of the thesis .5 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1 .7 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK .1 The capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks .1 The concept of the capital adequacy ratio .2 Meaning of the capital adequacy ratio .3 Measure the capital adequacy ratio .2 Empirical research overview .18 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2 .20 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS .2 Samples and research data .3 Regression methods and tests .1 Ordinary least square method (OLS) .2 Fixed Effect Model (FEM) .3 Random Effect Model (REM) .4 Research model and hypothesis .2 Description of variables and hypothesis .5 Model selection test .1 Testing the appropriateness between the Pooled OLS and FEM .2 Testing the appropriateness between the FEM and REM .29 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3 .30 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS .3 Regression results of the research model .1 Regression models results .2 The loans ratio (LOA).3 Returns on assets (ROA).4 Non-performing loans ratio (NPL) .5 The deposits ratio (DEP).42 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 4 .44 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS .3 Limitation of the thesis .4 Proposing directions for further research .47 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 5. APPENDIX 1: LIST OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM IN THE RESEARCH SAMPLE. APPENDIX 2: CALCULATED DATASET. APPENDIX 3: REGRESSION RESULTS WITH STATA 16.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CAR Capital adequacy ratio DEP Deposits ratio FEM Fixed effect model FGLS Feasible Generalized Least Square INF Inflation rate LOA Loans ratio NPL Non-performing loan OLS Ordinary Least Squares REM Random effect model ROA Return on assets RWA Risk-weighted assets SBV State Bank of Vietnam SIZE Bank size VIF Variance inflation factors LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Summary of research results. Summary of expected hypothesis. Regression results of models.
Modified Wald Test. Regression results of FGLS. Summary of expected hypothesis and experimental results. 40 LIST OF GRAPHS Graph 3.1 Reason for choosing the topic The banking industry is regarded as the backbone of every economy and is crucial to the growth of the national economy.
Storage, mobilization, and allocation of currency are tasks performed by the bank in its capacity as a currency trading organization (Barbara Casu, Claudia Girardone, & Philip Molyneux, 2015). However, an underperforming bank might cause the failure of other banks and negatively impact the economy. Oloo (2011) underlines that every incident has significant effects on the expansion of an economy if commercial banks dominate the financial sector. This is because every bankruptcy in the banking sector has a spread effect on financial crises and other economic problems.
Since the banking crisis caused the financial crisis (Friedman & Schwartz, 1963), therefore, to safeguard depositors and prevent the banking system from collapsing, the regulatory authorities have concentrated on using the Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) based on the Basel standard to advance the stability and effectiveness of the financial system (Barbara Casu, Claudia Girardone, & Philip Molyneux, 2015). In the face of the constantly changing and volatile situation of Vietnam's financial sector in general and the banking industry in particular, the study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the adequacy ratio of Vietnam's commercial banking system in the current context. The level of capital adequacy has become a supervisory standard, a key factor for assessing the stability and transparency of the system, helping banks to withstand financial shocks, and protecting depositors and the bank itself (Hoggarth, Reis, & Saporta, 2002). The goal of this is to make sure that banks have enough cushion to absorb a reasonable amount of losses before they become insolvent and consequently lose depositors’ funds.
2 There have been several studies in the world and Vietnam on the factors affecting the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks. Many empirical studies have been conducted in Hong Kong, the European Union, and some developing countries such as Turkey, Pakistan, and Nigeria. However, the conclusions of these studies are still different and controversial, the suggested solutions of which may not be applicable to Vietnam's banking industry. Therefore, the author has chosen to study the topic "Factors affecting capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks in Vietnam" for the graduation thesis.2 The research objectives 1.1 Overall objectives The study’s overall objective is to analyse the factors affecting the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks in Vietnam, thereby providing implication recommendations to effectively manage the bank's capital adequacy ratio.2 Specific objectives Based on the overall objectives, the author details the objectives as follows: Firstly, determining the factors impacting the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks in Vietnam.
Secondly, analysing the level of the impact of factors influencing the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks in Vietnam. Finally, proposing implications to manage the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese commercial banks.3 The research question Based on the particular objectives mentioned above, the thesis will in turn answer the following questions: Question 1: What factors affect the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks in Vietnam? Question 2: What is the impact level and direction of these factors on the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnam's commercial banks? Question 3: What are suggestions that can manage the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese commercial banks? 1.4 Subject and scope of the research Research subject: Factors influencing the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks. Research scope: Samples were collected on audited financial statements of 20 Vietnamese commercial banks which are listed on the Stock Exchange, in the period 2012 - 2021. The reason for choosing these banks is due to the publication of the capital adequacy ratio, and these banks have charter capital large enough to be able to represent other commercial banks.
The criteria needed for the study are shown in the bank’s audited financial statements and annual reports.5 Methodology In order to accomplish the research objectives mentioned above, the thesis uses the following research methodologies: To solve question 1, the author uses the qualitative method. Specifically, this graduation thesis collects, statistics, and synthesizes and analyzes the financial data 4 of Vietnamese commercial banks. In addition, the thesis also collects and synthesizes domestic and foreign research related to the research thesis to find out factors affecting the capital adequacy ratio. To solve question 2, the author uses both qualitative and quantitative methods.
Specifically, after collecting and synthesizing domestic and foreign research related to the research thesis, a summary table of the expectations of factors that may affect CAR will be drawn up, from which the author will hypothesize the impact of such factors on the CAR indicator. Based on data collected from audited financial statements and annual reports of banks, the thesis uses commonly used estimation models for panel data: compound least squares model (POLS), fixed effects regression model (FEM), and random effects regression model (REM). In addition, there are tests and remedies for defects to establish the optimal regression model. To solve question 3, the author uses the qualitative method.
Specifically, based on the established model, and other empirical studies in Vietnam, the author will suggest some possible solutions to help Vietnamese commercial banks manage capital adequacy.6 Research content The study analyzes and evaluates factors influencing the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese commercial banks in the period 2012 - 2021. From that, examines the impact level of these factors on the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese commercial banks through the use of econometric models to test the effect and significance level of this effect. The assessment and explanation of the factors influencing the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese commercial banks based on the actual operation of the banking industry in the research period will be carried out, and finally proposed solutions for improving the efficiency and safety of Vietnamese commercial banks.7 Contribution of the thesis Theoretically, the thesis contributes to building an empirical research model in Vietnam to understand the financial and macro factors affecting the capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks. From the research results, the study will open up many new and more in-depth research directions.
Determining the factors affecting the capital adequacy ratio at Vietnamese commercial banks will show the relationship between these factors as well as the degree of negative or positive influence on the capital adequacy ratio of Vietnamese commercial banks. Thereby proposing solutions and appropriate management policies to maintain a capital adequacy ratio of at least 8% at Vietnamese commercial banks.