BANKING ACADEMY OF VIETNAM BANKING FACULTY ---------- GRADUATION THESIS THE DETERMINANTS OF NON - PERFORMING LOANS AT VIETNAM TECHNOLOGICAL AND COMMERCIAL JOINT STOCK BANK Student: Hoàng Khánh Huyền Student ID: 21A4010804 Class: K21CLCA Academic year : 2018 – 2022 Supervisor: Assoc. PhD Phạm Thị Hoàng Anh Hanoi, May 2022 17014129063271000000 BANKING ACADEMY OF VIETNAM BANKING FACULTY ---------- GRADUATION THESIS THE DETERMINANTS OF NON - PERFORMING LOANS AT VIETNAM TECHNOLOGICAL AND COMMERCIAL JOINT STOCK BANK Student: Hoàng Khánh Huyền Student ID: 21A4010804 Class: K21CLCA Academic year : 2018 – 2022 Supervisor: Assoc. PhD Phạm Thị Hoàng Anh Hanoi, May 2022 DECLARATION I hereby confirm that the graduation thesis “The determinants of non - performing loans at Vietnam Technological and Commercial Joint Stock Bank” is the product of my own and all the information mentioned in this thesis are true and correct to the best of my knowledge. I hold the responsibility of my declaration.
Hanoi, 23th May 2022 Student Hoang Khanh Huyen i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Topic “The determinants of non - performing loans at Vietnam Technology and Commercial Joint Stock Bank” was chosen to be my graduation thesis. During the time working on this thesis, I have recieved many encouragement and support from the lecturers, my family and my friends to help me overcome the difficulties of writing the thesis. First, I would like to express my deep appreciation and special thanks to Associate professor PhD Phạm Thị Hoàng Anh – the President of the Research Institute in the Banking Academy of Vietnam for guiding and supporting me to finish my graduation thesis. At the same time, I would like to express my sincere to all the lecturers in the Banking Faculty and in the Banking Academy of Vietnam Due to the limitation of theoretical knowledgement and practical experience, this study is without its shortcomings.
I am looking forward to hearing the advice and guidance from Associate Professor PhD Pham Thi Hoang Anh other lecturers of Banking Academy of Vietnam to help me improve the quality of my study. Finally, I hope all the lecturers are always having good health and successful careers. Thank you sincerely! Hanoi, 23th May 2022 Student Hoang Khanh Huyen ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS.
iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.v LIST OF TABLES. vi LIST OF FIGURES. Statement of the problem and rationale for the study. Scope of the study.
Structure of the thesis. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF DETERMINANTS OF NON - PERFORMING LOANS AT COMMERCIAL BANK. Theoretical framework about non- performing loans. Concept and classification of non - performing loans.
The causes and the consequences of non - performing loans. Indicators of of non - performing loans. The determinants of non - performing loans at commercial banks. Bank – specific determinants.
Macro – economic determinants. SITUATION OF NON - PERFORMING LOANS AT TECHCOMBANK. Performance of Techcombank during 2014-2021 period. Overview of Vietnam Technological and Commercial Joint Stock Bank.
Performance of Techcombank during 2014-2021 period. The mechanism of controlling non - performing loans at Techcombank. Situation of non - performing loans at Techcombank. Classification of loans by group.
Analyzing the basic indicators reflect the situation of non - performing loans. Overall assessment of Techcombank performance and its non - performing loans. Achievements of Techcombank. Drawbacks of Techcombank and the reasons of the drawbacks.
EVALUATING THE DETERMINANTS OF NON - PERFORMING LOANS AT TECHCOMBANKK 2014 – 2021 PERIOD. Research data and research methods. Unit root test for stationarity. Analysis of regression model.
Hypothesis testing research model. Result of the regression model. Limitation of the study. SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF NON - PERFORMING LOANS AT TECHCOMBANK 50 4.
Government orientation in non-performing loans management. Solutions to limit non - performing loans at Techcombank. Recommendation with the Government and the State Bank of Vietnam. Recommendation to the government.
Recommendation to the State Bank of Vietnam .61 iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CEE Central Eastern European GDP Gross Domestic Product ROA Return on Assets OLS Ordinary Least Square FEM Fixed effects model REM Random effects model EBIT Earning before interest and tax CPI Customer Product Index CIC Credit Information Center VAMC Vietnam Asset Management Company NPL Non-performing loan SBV State Bank of Vietnam LLR Loan loss reserve GLP Gross loan portfolio ETA Equity to assets VIF Variance Inflation Factor ADF Augmented Dickey - Fuller BOT Build - Operate - Transfer BT Build – Transfer SMEs Small and Medium Enterprises v LIST OF TABLES Table Page Table 2.1: Status of Techcombank’s assets and sources of capital 23 Table 2.2: Deposits of Techcombank 24 Table 2.3: Classification of loans by group of Techcombank 30 Table 2.4: NPLs ratio of Techcombank 31 Table 2.5: Loan loss reserve to gross loan portfolio ratio 33 Table 2.6: Loan loss reserve to non - performing loans ratio 34 Table 3.1: Variables used in research model 39 Table 3.2: The descriptive statistics of selected variables 41 Table 3.3: Result of stationarity testing 41 Table 3.4: Result of correlations analysis 42 Table 3.5: The result of regression OLS model 43 Table 3.6: Result of the goodness-of-fit checks 43 Table 3.7: Result of multicollinearity test 44 Table 3.8: Result of heteroskedasticity tests 45 Table 3.9: Result of autocorrelation test 45 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Figure 2.1: Organization structure of Techcombank 23 Figure 2.2: Techcombank deposits portfolio by ownership 25 Figure 2.3: Techcombank deposits portfolio by category 26 Figure 2.4: Loans to customers of Techcombank 27 Figure 2.5: Techcombank’s loan portfolio by ownership 27 Figure 2.6: Techcombank’s loans portfolio by term 28 Figure 2.7: Techcombank’s performance 29 Figure 2.8: Techcombank’s non - performing loans by group 33 vii INTRODUCTION 1. Statement of the problem and rationale for the study Banks play a very important role in the financial system of all countries in the world, especially in bank-based economies like Vietnam, they are definitely the backbone of the whole national economy. However, banking activities always have to face the potential risks from the impacts of the macro and micro environment. In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, social distancing makes people’s income decrease considerably and demand for loans of customers increase while the business activities of many enterprises stagnate.
This problem leads to the reduction of the debt repayment ability of both individuals and companies and the rising ratio of non-performing loans to the bank. Messai and Jouini (2013) argue that loans can be approved during periods of economic growth no matter how reputable customers are; meanwhile the economy is in recession, non-performing loans tend to increase significantly. Can Van Luc (2021) assessed that “In the second half of 2022, the legal framework may be not conducive to the problem of handling non- performing loans of the entire banking industry”. Specifically, when Circular 14/2021/TT-NHNN will expire from 30th June 2022, and if it is not extended, the potential non-performing loans from the debt balance structured under this Circular will be shown more clearly on the balance sheets of banks, making the risk of non- performing loans likely to increase.
Moreover, Resolution 42/2017/QH14 will also expire from August 15, 2022, and then the entire pilot mechanism for dealing with non-performing loans under this Resolution will also end. Although non-performing loans are not a new problem among the Vietnamese banking industry, it is an indispensable topic for financial institutions every year, which is the indicator of the economy's health. It can be seen that domestic and foreign studies have partly clarified the influence of factors affecting non-performing loans. in commercial banks, in many countries and regions in many different time periods.
However, it can be seen in each economic context and different time along with different research methods, besides the operating characteristics. The determinants of non-performing loans are also different for each 1 bank. Therefore, it is necessary to study the influence of bank specific and macro - economic determinants of non-performing loans and continuously take timely and effective measures to reduce this ratio. As one of the banks having lowest non- performing loans in Vietnamese commercial banking system in 2020, Techcombank (Vietnam Technological and Commercial Joint-stock Bank), however, also was affected by the negative impact of Covid – 19 in 2021 when the absolute value of non - performing loans increased 77%.
Along with handling the non-performing loan under the direction of the Governor of the State Bank of Vietnam, tracing the determinants of non-performing loan is also a compulsory task that cannot be ignored. Stemming from that fact, the topic “The determinants of non- performing loan at vietnam technological and commercial joint stock bank” was chosen as a research topic in my graduation thesis, from which I hope to find out useful result that can improve the quality of loan portfolio for Techcombank and for the banking system. Foreign research Bruna Skarica (2014) investigated the factors that influence the ratio of non- performing loans in a variety of European emerging markets. The model was estimated on a panel dataset using a fixed effects estimator for seven Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries between Q3:2007 and Q3:2012.
The countries analyzed were Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Romania, and Slovakia. Despite the fact that there is a large body of research on non performing loans, this is the first empirical study of its sort in the CEE region, based on aggregate, country-level data on problem loans. As indicated by statistically significant and economically large coefficients on GDP, unemployment, and inflation rate, the data imply that the economic slowdown is the primary cause of rising NPLs ratio. Roland Beck, Petr Jakubik and Anamaria Piloiu (2015) investigated the macroeconomic causes of non-performing loans (NPLs) across 75 countries from 2005 - 2014.
The study’s result indicated that the real GDP growth, stock prices, 2 the currency rate, and the lending interest rate all have a major impact on NPL ratios. The direction of the effect in the case of exchange rates is determined by the amount of foreign exchange lending to unhedged borrowers, which is especially significant in countries with pegged or controlled exchange rates. The influence of share prices is observed to be greater in nations with a large stock market in relation to GDP. Alternative econometric specifications have no effect on the results.
Laxmi Koju, Ram Koju and Shouyang Wang (2017) had studied the determinants of non - performing loans in Nepal from 2003 to 2013 in 30 Nepalese commercial banks with 7 bank specific and 5 macro – ecomic variables. The results of the empirical study indicate GDP growth rate, capital adequacy and inflation rate had negative impacts on non - performing loans but export to import ratio, inefficiency and asset size were in positive relationship with non - performing loans. Jordan Kjosevski, Mihail Petkovski and Elena Naumovska (2018) carried the research on bank specific and macro – economic determinants of non - performing loans in the Republic of Macedonia throughout a decade from 2003 to 2014. This study applied the autoregressice distributed lag modeling approach, the co- integration model implementing quarterly time series.
From the research, the ROA, loan and GDP growth rate has a positive impact on the level of non - performing loans while inflation has a negative and statistically significant impact on non - performing loans. Junkyu Lee et al (2019) carried out the research on “Non-performing loans in Asia: Determinants and macrofinancial linkages” in165 commercial banks in Asia between 1995 and 2014. It used a dynamic panel model to find out the determinants of non-performing loans in which the credit growth and excessive bank lending make the NPLs up. It also indicated that an GDP growth rate, credit supply and unemployment rate increase the NPLs ratio.
The variables used in this study are generally similar to the old ones but have some other variables such as ETA, ROE, LDR ratio.