com Theoretical Physics to Face the Challenge of LHC www.com École de Physique des Houches Session XCVII, 1–26 August 2011 Theoretical Physics to Face the Challenge of LHC Edited by Laurent Baulieu, Karim Benakli, Michael R. Douglas, Bruno Mansoulié, Eliezer Rabinovici, and Leticia F.com 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries c Oxford University Press 2015 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Impression: 1 All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953047 ISBN 978–0–19–872796–5 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.com École de Physique des Houches Service inter-universitaire commun à l’Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble et à l’Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble Subventionné par l’Université Joseph Fourier de Grenoble, le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, le Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique Directeur: Leticia F. Cugliandolo, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies, CNRS UMR 7589, Paris, France Directeurs scientifiques de la session XCVII: Laurent Baulieu, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies, CNRS UMR 7589, Paris, France Karim Benakli, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies, CNRS UMR 7589, Paris, France Michael R.
Douglas, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, USA Bruno Mansoulié, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l’Univers, CEA Saclay, France Eliezer Rabinovici, Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel Leticia F. Cugliandolo, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Hautes Energies, CNRS UMR 7589, Paris, France www.com Previous sessions I 1951 Quantum mechanics. Quantum field theory II 1952 Quantum mechanics. Nuclear physics III 1953 Quantum mechanics.
Solid state physics. Elementary particle physics IV 1954 Quantum mechanics. Nucleon-nucleon inter- action. Quantum electrodynamics V 1955 Quantum mechanics.
Non equilibrium phenomena. Nuclear reac- tions. Interaction of a nucleus with atomic and molecular fields VI 1956 Quantum perturbation theory. Low temperature physics.
Quan- tum theory of solids. Ferromagnetism VII 1957 Scattering theory. Recent developments in field theory. Nuclear and strong interactions.
Experiments in high energy physics VIII 1958 The many body problem IX 1959 The theory of neutral and ionized gases X 1960 Elementary particles and dispersion relations XI 1961 Low temperature physics XII 1962 Geophysics; the earths environment XIII 1963 Relativity groups and topology XIV 1964 Quantum optics and electronics XV 1965 High energy physics XVI 1966 High energy astrophysics XVII 1967 Many body physics XVIII 1968 Nuclear physics XIX 1969 Physical problems in biological systems XX 1970 Statistical mechanics and quantum field theory XXI 1971 Particle physics XXII 1972 Plasma physics XXIII 1972 Black holes XXIV 1973 Fluids dynamics XXV 1973 Molecular fluids XXVI 1974 Atomic and molecular physics and the interstellar matter XXVII 1975 Frontiers in laser spectroscopy XXVIII 1975 Methods in field theory XXIX 1976 Weak and electromagnetic interactions at high energy XXX 1977 Nuclear physics with heavy ions and mesons XXXI 1978 Ill condensed matter XXXII 1979 Membranes and intercellular communication XXXIII 1979 Physical cosmology www.com Previous sessions vii XXXIV 1980 Laser plasma interaction XXXV 1980 Physics of defects XXXVI 1981 Chaotic behavior of deterministic systems XXXVII 1981 Gauge theories in high energy physics XXXVIII 1982 New trends in atomic physics XXXIX 1982 Recent advances in field theory and statistical mechanics XL 1983 Relativity, groups and topology XLI 1983 Birth and infancy of stars XLII 1984 Cellular and molecular aspects of developmental biology XLIII 1984 Critical phenomena, random systems, gauge theories XLIV 1985 Architecture of fundamental interactions at short distances XLV 1985 Signal processing XLVI 1986 Chance and matter XLVII 1986 Astrophysical fluid dynamics XLVIII 1988 Liquids at interfaces XLIX 1988 Fields, strings and critical phenomena L 1988 Oceanographic and geophysical tomography LI 1989 Liquids, freezing and glass transition LII 1989 Chaos and quantum physics LIII 1990 Fundamental systems in quantum optics LIV 1990 Supernovae LV 1991 Particles in the nineties LVI 1991 Strongly interacting fermions and high Tc superconductivity LVII 1992 Gravitation and quantizations LVIII 1992 Progress in picture processing LIX 1993 Computational fluid dynamics LX 1993 Cosmology and large scale structure LXI 1994 Mesoscopic quantum physics LXII 1994 Fluctuating geometries in statistical mechanics and quantum field theory LXIII 1995 Quantum fluctuations LXIV 1995 Quantum symmetries LXV 1996 From cell to brain LXVI 1996 Trends in nuclear physics, 100 years later LXVII 1997 Modeling the earths climate and its variability LXVIII 1997 Probing the Standard Model of particle interactions LXIX 1998 Topological aspects of low dimensional systems LXX 1998 Infrared space astronomy, today and tomorrow LXXI 1999 The primordial universe LXXII 1999 Coherent atomic matter waves LXXIII 2000 Atomic clusters and nanoparticles LXXIV 2000 New trends in turbulence LXXV 2001 Physics of bio-molecules and cells LXXVI 2001 Unity from duality: Gravity, gauge theory and strings www.com viii Previous sessions LXXVII 2002 Slow relaxations and nonequilibrium dynamics in condensed matter LXXVIII 2002 Accretion discs, jets and high energy phenomena in astrophysics LXXIX 2003 Quantum entanglement and information processing LXXX 2003 Methods and models in neurophysics LXXXI 2004 Nanophysics: Coherence and transport LXXXII 2004 Multiple aspects of DNA and RNA LXXXIII 2005 Mathematical statistical physics LXXXIV 2005 Particle physics beyond the Standard Model LXXXV 2006 Complex systems LXXXVI 2006 Particle physics and cosmology: the fabric of spacetime LXXXVII 2007 String theory and the real world: from particle physics to astrophysics LXXXVIII 2007 Dynamos LXXXIX 2008 Exact methods in low-dimensional statistical physics and quan- tum computing XC 2008 Long-range interacting systems XCI 2009 Ultracold gases and quantum information XCII 2009 New trends in the physics and mechanics of biological systems XCIII 2009 Modern perspectives in lattice QCD: quantum field theory and high performance computing XCIV 2010 Many-body physics with ultra-cold gases XCV 2010 Quantum theory from small to large scales XCVI 2011 Quantum machines: measurement control of engineered quantum systems XCVII 2011 Theoretical physics to face the challenge of LHC Special Issue 2012 Advanced data assimilation for geosciences Publishers – Session VIII: Dunod, Wiley, Methuen – Sessions IX and X: Herman, Wiley – Session XI: Gordon and Breach, Presses Universitaires – Sessions XII–XXV: Gordon and Breach – Sessions XXVI–LXVIII: North Holland – Session LXIX–LXXVIII: EDP Sciences, Springer – Session LXXIX–LXXXVIII: Elsevier – Session LXXXIX– : Oxford University Press www.com Preface Every Les Houches Summer School has its own distinct character. The objective of the August 2011 session “Theoretical physics to face the challenge of LHC” was to describe, to an audience of advanced graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, the areas in high-energy physics in which profound new experimental results are hopefully on the verge of being discovered at LHC at CERN. This was to be done with the expectation that contact with new fundamental theories on the nature of fundamen- tal forces and the structure of spacetime will be made. The students benefited from lectures by, and interacted with, many of the leaders in the field.
The school was held in a summer of tense anticipation. Exciting new results from high-energy colliders were in the air, whether about the long anticipated dis- covery of the Higgs particle or about a “divine” surprise, evidence for the existence of supersymmetry in nature. For some years, the community of theorists had split into several components: those doing phenomenology, those dealing with highly theoretical problems, and some trying to explore if it was possible to bridge the two. In this school, we celebrated the reunification of these groups—at least for a few years.
The talks given by experimentalists accurately pointed out how intensively and how precisely the newborn collider has verified all theoretical predictions that were at the frontline of the revolutionary experimental discoveries of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. They detailed many of the ingenious and pioneering techniques developed at CERN for the detection and data analysis of several billions of proton–proton collisions. During the entire period of the school, the students received daily news about the progress of these searches. A trip to the CERN facilities was organized, with visits to the LHC and ATLAS detector control rooms, as well as the CMS detector coordination room and the Cosmic Antimatter Detector control room coordinated with the space laboratory.
The talks given by theoreticians were about many of the attempts to go beyond the Standard Model that yield beautiful new physical insights yet to be observed experimentally. The students were very active during the talks and had interesting interactions. The organizers and speakers encouraged them to pose unrestricted questions during and after the lectures. In addition, we had a “Wisdom Tree” session during which Michael Douglas, Juan Maldacena, and Bruno Mansoulié shared their thoughts on any subject the students desired.
We also held the traditional “Gong Show” in which every participant could speak about his or her work for three minutes. The cocktail of theorists and experimentalists proved to be most interesting. More precisely, the topics covered in the school were as follows. In the first morning, Jean Iliopoulos and Luis Alvarez-Gaumé gave an introduction to the school.
Jean Iliopoulos recalled the historical path taking us from the Standard www.com x Preface Model to considering possible extensions, and Luis Alvarez-Gaumé summarized the achievements of string theory and the present open problems. Lyndon Evans reviewed the physics challenges faced in the design of the LHC in order to achieve the desired rate of highest-energy collisions. He shared with the audi- ence the difficult road leading from envisaging how to built a Large Hadron Collider and actually doing it. Massimo Giovanozzi gave an account of how the accelerator had been commis- sioned, how the setback caused by a hardware failure was overcome, how the LHC functioned in the Summer of 2011, and what were the plans for its future upgrade.
Dan Green took us from the accelerator to the giant detectors surrounding it. He described the requirements for the detectors and the different choices made in their design. Bruno Mansoulié guided the audience along the way from the registration of the events in the detectors to their analysis. He explained the difficulties involved in correct identification of the signals.
Yves Sirois and Louis Fayard discussed the available LHC data and their impli- cations for the Higgs boson searches at CMS and ATLAS, respectively, while Karl Jakobs summarized the constraints derived on new physics. Michelangelo Mangano explained the methods needed to compute the expected backgrounds without whose detailed knowledge one could not extract the new discoveries. Nima Arkani-Hamed and David Kosower explained new techniques recently devel- oped to perform in a more efficient way the calculations of amplitudes, in particular for the underlying QCD processes. Gia Dvali described how unitarity is realized in effective field theories in particle physics and its implication for graviton scattering.
Juan Maldacena reviewed our theoretical knowledge on quantum gravity.