BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM MICROALGAE THROUGH HYDROTHERMAL CARBONIZATION OF MICROALGAE PASTE AS THE PRETREATMENT STEP Vo Thanh Phuoc Supervisor: Professor Kunio Yoshikawa A doctoral thesis submitted to the Department of Environmental Science and Technology Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering Tokyo Institute of Technology Yokohama, Japan August 2017 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my academic advisor, Professor Kunio Yoshikawa, for giving me the opportunity to study, research and complete this dissertation. Without his patience, academic guidance and support in the most difficult times, this dissertation is impossible to be completed. Again, I would like to send my deep thanks to Professor Kunio Yoshikawa. Also, I would like to acknowledge the thesis committee including Professor Tohru Kamo, Professor Hirofumi Hinode, Professor Kenji Takeshita, Professor Koji Tokimatsu, and especially Professor Fumitake Takahashi, for the time and the efforts that Professors spent on examining the whole dissertation.
Through comments and criticisms, the professors helped me expand and understand more my research topic as well as improve the quality of this dissertation. This dissertation also cannot be completed without the help of Monotsukuri Center (in Suzukakedai campus) where I was supported and provided necessary equipment and devices for experiment. I really thank the staffs of the center, especially Ms. Kyoko Sato and Ms.
Ryoko Urakawa, who helped me use each equipment and device. I also want to thank Dr. Kiyoshi Tsuji, Dr. Ayako Takada, and Mrs.
Eriko Ohno for the dedicated support during the experiments. I would like to thank my laboratory colleagues for their help during the experiments. Many thanks go to Abooali Golzary, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, for his enthusiastic guidance and support in microalgae cultivation. I also cannot forget discussions, encouragements, and experiences which I received from other colleagues, especially Mohammad Saber and Muhammad Kunta Biddinika.
In addition, I would like to thank my family members, my parents and my younger sister, for their spiritual support during the most important periods, especially at the time of writing this dissertation. Their encouragement gave me more motivation to complete this thesis. Last but not least, I am grateful for JICA's support through the program "Doctoral Degree in Japan" of AUN/SEED-Net. Not only financial support, JICA also created a good environment for learning and research.
In particular, I would like to acknowledge the program coordinator, Ms. Tomomi Nishigaki, who supported and gave me helpful advice when I faced difficulties in my research and daily life as well. Biodiesel production from microalgae. Advantages of microalgae in biodiesel production.
Transesterification and esterification reactions for biodiesel production. Hydrothermal treatment of microalgae. The purpose of this study. Comparison between the lipid extraction from microalgae and the hydrochar and transesterification of extracted lipid for biodiesel production.
Materials and method. Hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae to create hydrochar. Determination of the content of total fatty acids (TFAs) in the samples. Determination of the content of free fatty acids (FFAs) in the samples.
Photos of lipid distribution in microalgae and the hydrochar. Comparison between the lipid extraction from microalgae and the hydrochar. Conversion of extracted lipid into biodiesel. Results and discussion.
The retention of fatty acids in the hydrochar. Comparison between the lipid extraction from microalgae and the hydrochar. Conversion of extracted lipid into biodiesel. Comparison between the direct transesterification of microalgae and the hydrochar.
Materials and method. Hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae to create the hydrochar. Comparison between the direct transesterification of microalgae and the hydrochar. Results and discussion.
Effect of the storage condition of microalgae paste on the hydrochar lipid and the direct transesterification of the hydrochar lipid for biodiesel production. Materials and Method. Microalgae cultivation and harvest. Storage of microalgae paste after harvesting.
Hydrothermal carbonization of microalgae to create the hydrochar. Direct transesterification of the hydrochar lipids. Results and discussion. Effect of the storage time on total fatty acids (TFAs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) in microalgae.
Effect of the storage time on total fatty acids (TFAs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) in the hydrochar. Direct transesterification of the hydrochar. 63 iv Tables Table 2. The retention time of FAMEs in the samples (microalgae or hydrochar).
The retention times of FAME standards. The composition of fatty acids in microalgae. The retention of fatty acids in the hydrochar. The total content of each fatty acid in the hydrochar (HTC 200 oC) and the aqueous phase.
The total content of each fatty acid in the hydrochar (HTC 210 oC) and the aqueous phase. The total content of each fatty acid in the hydrochar (HTC 220 oC) and the aqueous phase. The mass of the hydrochar having the equal amount of fatty acids in 100 mg microalgae. Ultimate analyses of microalgae and the hydrochar (HTC 200 oC).
The distribution of carbon and nitrogen in the hydrochar (HTC 200 oC) and the aqueous phase. The content FFAs/TFAs after the esterification pretreatment using Amberlyst 15 (molar ratio of methanol / lipid of 24:1, reaction temperature of 80 oC, catalyst in the range of 10 – 50% wt. The content FFAs/TFAs after the esterification pretreatment using Amberlyst 15 (catalyst of 30% wt. oil, the reaction temperature of 80 oC, the molar ratio of methanol / lipid in the range of 24:1, 18:1, 12:1, and 6:1).
The biodiesel yields through the esterification pretreatment and the transesterification (the molar ratio of methanol / lipid of 12:1, the amount of KOH of 0. oil, the reaction temperature of 65 oC and the reaction time of 60 minutes). The masses of the hydrochar having the equal amount of fatty acids in microalgae. Comparison between the process of lipid extraction, esterification, transesterification and the process of direct transesterification.
The effect of the storage time (one and two days) on total fatty acids (TFAs) and free fatty acids (FFAs) in microalgae. Mass yields of the hydrochar after HTC of algae. The TFA retention and FFAs/TFAs in the hydrochar after HTC. Yields of the direct transesterification of the hydrochar (0) (HTC 200 °C) and the hydrochar (1) (HTC 200 °C) at 80 °C, 90min.
57 vi Figures Figure 1. Transesterification of triglycerides for biodiesel production [1. Esterification of free fatty acids for biodiesel production [1. The sizes of hydrochar at HTC of 190 oC and 200 oC.
The HTC process of microalgae in the autoclave. The temperature profiles of the HTC experiments. The response factors of standards of fatty acid methyl esters. The chromatograph of FAMEs in the samples (microalgae or hydrochar).
Hydrolysis of sucrose (carbohydrate) into glucose and fructose. Hydrolysis of protein into peptide and amino acid. Hydrolysis of triglyceride into free fatty acids and glycerol. Yields of lipid extraction from microalgae and the hydrochar by a mixture of hexane/isopropanol (3:2 v/v).
Photos of microalgae and the hydrochar (at HTC 200 oC) by confocal laser- scanning microscopy (LSM780, ZEISS). The content FFAs/TFAs after the esterification pretreatment using Amberlyst 15 (molar ratio of methanol / lipid of 24:1, reaction temperature of 80 oC, catalyst in the range of 10 – 50% wt. Acid site (–SO3H) of Amberlyst-15 catalyst. Mechanism of Amberlyst-15 catalyzed esterification of FFAs [2.
The content FFAs/TFAs after the esterification pretreatment using Amberlyst 15 (catalyst of 30% wt. oil, the reaction temperature of 80 oC, the molar ratio of methanol / lipid in the range of 24:1, 18:1, 12:1, and 6:1). The biodiesel yields of the direct transesterification at the conditions of 100 mg microalgae (or 45.5 mg hydrochar) / ml methanol, 2% v/v acid H2SO4, 80 oC. The biodiesel yields of the direct transesterification at the conditions of 200 mg microalgae (or 91.0 mg hydrochar) / ml methanol, 2% v/v acid H2SO4, 80 oC.
Photos of microalgae and the hydrochar (HTC 200 oC) by confocal laser-scanning microscopy (LSM780, ZEISS). The biodiesel yield of the direct transesterification at the conditions of 300 mg microalgae (or 136.5 mg hydrochar) / ml methanol, 2% v/v (or 3% v/v) acid H2SO4, 80 oC. The biodiesel yield of the direct transesterification at the conditions of 400 mg microalgae (or 182.1 mg hydrochar) / ml methanol, 2% v/v (or 3% v/v) acid H2SO4, 80 oC. Direct transesterification of the hydrochar lipids in the glass tube heated by the oil bath.
The hydrolysis of triglyceride by enzyme lipase to create free fatty acids. The whole process of biodiesel production from fresh microalgae in both cases of (0) and (1). 58 viii Abstract In recent years, the biofuels are studied with the aim of gradually replacing fossil fuels. In particular, the biodiesel production from microalgae gains much attention.
Microalgae have specific characteristics such as the high lipid content, the rapid growth rate, and the good adaptation to non-agricultural land, and these make microalgae more competitive than other types of feedstock in the production of biodiesel. The biodiesel production from microalgae has two main approaches. In the first one called the two-step method, the lipids are firstly extracted by organic solvents, and then the extracted-lipids undergo the transesterification process for biodiesel synthesis. In the other called the direct transesterification method, the lipids in microalgae are extracted and converted into biodiesel in one step.
This method has some advantages such as the elimination of using extraction solvents and the higher biodiesel yield. However, there are still some obstacles hindering the application of these methods in the actual production. After the harvesting, the moisture content of microalgae paste is in the range of 75 – 85%. This high moisture level significantly affects the extraction yield of lipid from microalgae and the biodiesel yield of the direct transesterification reaction.
Therefore, the complete removal of water from microalgae must be done before subsequent conversion steps for biodiesel production. Because the drying process consumes so much energy, another pretreatment of microalgae paste is necessary. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is an energy-effective method to remove water from microalgae paste. HTC of microalgae is a process in which microalgae react with water at a high temperature and pressure (around 200 oC and 2 MPa).
After the process, the solid hydrochar can be filtered from the aqueous phase, and most of lipid in microalgae feedstock is retained in the hydrochar. The production of biodiesel from hydrochar was investigated in this thesis by the methods that have been applied to microalgae. In each method, the biodiesel yields of microalgae and hydrochar were compared to assess the advantages that can be achieved when using hydrochar as a feedstock for biodiesel production. In the two-step method, the yield of lipid extraction from the hydrochar (about 80%) was higher than from microalgae (about 30%).
These following factors facilitated the penetration of solvent into hydrochar to extract lipid. After the hydrothermal carbonization process, the microalgae cells were impacted and contractive. Moreover, the ratio of FFAs/TFAs of the hydrochar (at HTC 200 oC) was higher than microalgae (48. The appropriate conditions for the esterification pretreatment of extracted lipid were as follows: the catalyst Amberlyst 15 of 30% wt.
oil, the reaction temperature of 80 oC, 12:1 molar ratio of methanol / lipid. Next, the biodiesel yield of 93.6% can be achieved after the transesterification of pretreated lipid at the conditions of 12:1 molar ratio of methanol / lipid, the amount of KOH of 1. oil, the reaction temperature of 65 oC and the reaction time of 60 minutes. In the direct transesterification method, the yields of hydrochar were higher than the yields of microalgae at the same reaction conditions.
The appropriate conditions for biodiesel ix production from microalgae were the ratio of 200 mg microalgae / ml methanol, 2% v/v acid H2SO4, reaction temperature of 80 oC, and 90 minutes of the reaction.