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The online archive is free of charge to all subscribers of the printed volumes. −The editorial contacts, with respect to both scientific and technical matters. −The author’s / editor’s instructions.) Quantum Magnetism 13 www.com Editors Ulrich Schollwöck Damian J. Farnell RWTH Aachen University of Liverpool Institut für Theoretische Physik C Dept.
of Medicine Unit 52056 Aachen, Germany of Ophthalmology Daulby Street Johannes Richter Liverpool L69 3GA, U. Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Institut für Theoretische Physik Raymond F. Bishop Postfach 4120 UMIST Department of Physics 39016 Magdeburg, Germany P. Box 88 Manchester M60 1QD, U.), Quantum Magnetism, Lect.1007/b96825 Library of Congress Control Number: 2004102970 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Biblio- thek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at <http://dnb.de> ISSN 0075-8450 ISBN 3-540-21422-4 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright.
All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustra- tions, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Camera-ready by the authors/editor Data conversion: PTP-Berlin Protago-TeX-Production GmbH Cover design: design & production, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper 54/3141/ts - 5 4 3 2 1 0 www.com Preface Putting the quantum into magnetism might, at first sight, seem like stating the obvious; the exchange interactions leading to collective magnetic behavior are, after all, a pure quantum effect. Yet, for many phenomena in magnetism this underlying quantum nature may be safely ignored at least on the qua- litative level. The investigation of magnetic systems where quantum effects play a dominant role and have to be accounted for in detail has, over the last decades, evolved to be a field of very active research.
On the experi- mental side, major boosts have come from the discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in the mid-eighties and the increasing ability of solid state chemists to fashion magnetic systems of restricted dimensionality. While high- temperature superconductivity has raised the question of the link between the mechanism of superconductivity in the cuprates and spin fluctuations and magnetic order in one- and two-dimensional spin-1/2 antiferromagnets, the new magnetic materials have exhibited a wealth of new quantum phenomena of interest in their own. In one-dimensional systems, the universal paradigm of Luttinger liquid behavior has come to the center of interest; in all restric- ted geometries, the interplay of low dimension, competing interactions and strong quantum fluctuations generates, beyond the usual long range ordered states, a wealth of new states of condensed matter, such as valence bond so- lids, magnetic plateaux, spin liquid states or spin-Peierls states, to name but a few. The idea for this book arose during a Hereaus seminar on “Quantum Magnetism: Microscopic Techniques For Novel States of Matter” back in 2002, where it was realized that a set of extensive tutorial reviews would address the needs of both postgraduate students and researchers alike and fill a longstanding gap in the literature.
The first three chapters set out to give an account of conceptual problems and insights related to classes of systems, namely one-dimensional (Mikeska and Kolezhuk), two-dimensional (Richter, Schulenburg and Honecker) and molecular (Schnack) magnets. The following five chapters are intended to introduce to methods used in the field of quantum magnetism, both for independent reading as well as a backup for the first chapters: this includes time-honored spin wave analysis (Ivanov and Sen), exact diagonalization (Laflorencie and Poilblanc), quantum www.com VI Preface field theory (Cabra and Pujol), coupled cluster methods (Farnell and Bishop) and the Bethe ansatz (Klümper). To close, a more unified point of view is presented in a theoretical chap- ter on quantum phase transitions (Sachdev) and an experimentally oriented contribution (Lemmens and Millet), putting the wealth of phenomena into the solid state physics context of spins, orbitals and lattice topology. Aachen, Magdeburg, Liverpool, Manchester Ulrich Schollwöck March 2004 Johannes Richter Damian Farnell Ray Bishop www.com Contents 1 One-Dimensional Magnetism Hans-Jürgen Mikeska, Alexei K.3 Spin Chains with S > 1/2 .5 Modified Spin Chains and Ladders .6 Gapped 1D Systems in High Magnetic Field.
59 2 Quantum Magnetism in Two Dimensions: From Semi-classical Néel Order to Magnetic Disorder Johannes Richter, Jörg Schulenburg, Andreas Honecker .3 Criteria for Néel Like Order .4 Magnetic Ground-State Ordering for the Spin Half HAFM on the Archimedean Lattices .5 Quantum Phase Transitions in 2D HAFM – The CaVO J − J Model and the Shastry-Sutherland Model. 129 3 Molecular Magnetism Jürgen Schnack .4 Theoretical Techniques and Results. 187 4 Spin Wave Analysis of Heisenberg Magnets in Restricted Geometries Nedko B. Ivanov, Diptiman Sen .2 Dyson–Maleev Formalism .3 Spin Wave Analysis of Quasi-1D Ferrimagnets .4 Applications to 2D Heisenberg Antiferromagnets .com VIII Contents 4.5 Modified Spin Wave Theories.
223 5 Simulations of Pure and Doped Low-Dimensional Spin-1/2 Gapped Systems Nicolas Laflorencie, Didier Poilblanc .3 Examples of Translationally Invariant Spin Gapped Systems .4 Lanczos Algorithm for Non-uniform Systems: Application to Doped SP Chains. 249 6 Field-Theoretical Methods in Quantum Magnetism Daniel C. Cabra, Pierre Pujol .2 Path Integral for Spin Systems .3 Effective Action for Antiferromagnetic Spins Chains .4 The Hamiltonian Approach .5 The Non-linear Sigma Model and Haldane’s Conjecture .6 Antiferromagnetic Spin Ladders .7 Chains with Alternating Bonds .8 The Two-Dimensional Heisenberg Antiferromagnet .9 Bosonization of 1D Systems. 270 7 The Coupled Cluster Method Applied to Quantum Magnetism Damian J.2 The CCM Formalism .3 The XXZ Model .4 The J–J Model: A Square-Lattice Model with Competing Nearest-Neighbour Bonds .5 An Interpolating Kagomé/Triangle Model.
344 8 Integrability of Quantum Chains: Theory and Applications to the Spin-1/2 XXZ Chain Andreas Klümper .2 Integrable Exchange Hamiltonians .3 Lattice Path Integral and Quantum Transfer Matrix .4 Bethe Ansatz Equations for the Spin-1/2 XXZ Chain .5 Manipulation of the Bethe Ansatz Equations .6 Numerical Results for Thermodynamical Quantities .com Contents IX 8. 377 9 Quantum Phases and Phase Transitions of Mott Insulators Subir Sachdev .2 Coupled Dimer Antiferromagnet .3 Influence of an Applied Magnetic Field .4 Square Lattice Antiferromagnet .5 Triangular Lattice Antiferromagnet. 428 10 Spin – Orbit – Topology, a Triptych Peter Lemmens, Patrice Millet .1 Introduction and General Remarks .2 Interplay of Structural and Electronic Properties .3 Copper-Oxygen Coordinations .4 Vanadium-Oxygen Coordinations .5 Titanium-Oxygen Coordinations .com Lecture Notes in Physics For information about Vols. 1–599 please contact your bookseller or Springer-Verlag LNP Online archive: springerlink.), Morphology of Vol.), Irreversible Condensed Matter.
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