Global Global edition edition For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide range Physics for Scientists and Engineers of subjects and requirements, equipping students with the best possible learning tools. This Global Edition preserves the cutting-edge approach A Strategic Approach with Modern Physics and pedagogy of the original, but also features alterations, customization, and adaptation from the North American version. Physics for Scientists and Engineers A Strategic Approach with Modern Physics edition Fourth Fourth edition Randall D. Knight Knight This is a special edition of an established title widely used by colleges and universities throughout the world.
Pearson published this exclusive edition for the benefit of students outside the United States and Canada. If you edition GLOBal purchased this book within the United States or Canada, you should be aware that it has been imported without the approval of the Publisher or Author. Pearson Global Edition Knight_04_1292157429_Final.indd 1 16/07/16 10:43 AM www.com Useful Data Me Mass of the earth 5.98 * 1024 kg Re Radius of the earth 6.37 * 106 m g Free-fall acceleration on earth 9.67 * 10-11 N m2 /kg 2 kB Boltzmann’s constant 1.31 J/mol K NA Avogadro’s number 6.02 * 1023 particles/mol T0 Absolute zero -273°C s Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.67 * 10-8 W/m2 K4 patm Standard atmosphere 101,300 Pa vsound Speed of sound in air at 20°C 343 m/s mp Mass of the proton (and the neutron) 1.67 * 10-27 kg me Mass of the electron 9.11 * 10-31 kg K Coulomb’s law constant (1/4pP0) 8.26 * 10-6 T m/A e Fundamental unit of charge 1.60 * 10-19 C c Speed of light in vacuum 3.14 * 10-15 eV s -34 U Planck’s constant 1.58 * 10-16 eV s -11 aB Bohr radius 5.29 * 10 m Common Prefixes Conversion Factors Prefix Meaning Length Time femto- 10-15 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 day = 86,400 s pico- 10-12 1 mi = 1.37 in Pressure micro- 10-6 1 km = 0.3 kPa = 760 mm of Hg milli- 10-3 Velocity 1 atm = 14.7 lb/in2 centi- 10-2 1 mph = 0.3° mega- 106 Mass and energy 1 rev = 360° = 2p rad giga- 109 1 u = 1.661 * 10-27 kg 1 rev/s = 60 rpm terra- 1012 1 cal = 4.60 * 10-19 J Mathematical Approximations Binominal approximation: (1 + x)n ≈ 1 + nx if x V 1 Small-angle approximation: sin u ≈ tan u ≈ u and cos u ≈ 1 if u V 1 radian Greek Letters Used in Physics Alpha a Mu m Beta b Pi p g Gamma Γ g Rho r Delta ∆ d Sigma s Epsilon P Tau t Eta h Phi Φ f Theta ϴ u Psi c Lambda l Omega Ω v A00_KNIG7429_04_GE_FEP.indd 1 15/07/16 9:44 pm www.com Problem-Solving Strategies and Model Boxes PROBLEM - SOLVING STR ATEGY PAGE MODEL PAGE 1 .2 General problem-solving strategy 43 2.1 Kinematics with constant 4.1 Projectile motion 110 acceleration 69 4.2 Uniform circular motion 119 4.1 Projectile motion problems 110 4.3 Constant angular acceleration 121 6.1 Ball-and-spring model of solids 136 7.1 Interacting-objects problems 189 6.1 Circular-motion problems 217 6.1 Energy-conservation problems 265 6.1 Conservation of momentum 292 8.1 Central force with constant r 208 12.1 Rotational dynamics problems 331 9.1 Basic energy model 231 17.1 Interference of two waves 498 11.1 Work in ideal-gas processes 542 12.1 Rigid-body model 317 19.1 Heat-engine problems 601 12.1 Electrostatic forces and 14.1 Molecular model of gases and liquids 380 Coulomb’s law 636 14.1 The electric field of multiple point 15.1 Simple harmonic motion 428 charges 653 16.1 The wave model 460 23.2 The electric field of a continuous 18.1 Solids, liquids, and gases 513 distribution of charge 659 19.1 Thermodynamic energy model 546 24.1 Conservation of energy in charge interactions 719 22.2 The electric potential of a 23.1 Four key electric fields 652 continuous distribution of charge 727 26.1 Charge escalator model of a battery 745 28.1 Three key magnetic fields 824 29.1 The magnetic field of a current 825 33.1 Wave model of light 971 30.1 Ray model of light 983 36.1 Photon model of light 1115 40.1 Quantum-mechanics problems 1168 38.2 The Bohr model of the atom 1122 A00_KNIG7429_04_GE_FEP.indd 2 19/07/16 10:07 am www.com physics for scientists and engineers a str ategic approach fourth edition global edition with modern physics randall d. knight California Polytechnic State University San Luis Obispo Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Hoboken Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo A01_KNIG7429_04_GE_FM.indd 1 05/08/16 1:46 pm www.com Editor-in-Chief: Jeanne Zalesky Acquisitions Editor: Darien Estes Acquisitions Editor, Global Editions: Abhijit Baroi Project Manager: Martha Steele Program Manager: Katie Conley Project Editor, Global Editions: K.
Neelakantan Senior Manufacturing Controller, Global Editions: Kay Holman Media Production Manager, Global Editions: Vikram Kumar Senior Development Editor: Alice Houston, Ph. Art Development Editors: Alice Houston, Kim Brucker, and Margot Otway Development Manager: Cathy Murphy Program and Project Management Team Lead: Kristen Flathman Production Management: Rose Kernan Design Manager: Mark Ong Cover Designer: Lumina Datamatics Illustrators: Rolin Graphics Rights & Permissions Project Manager: Maya Gomez Rights & Permissions Management: Rachel Youdelman Photo Researcher: Eric Schrader Manufacturing Buyer: Maura Zaldivar-Garcia Executive Marketing Manager: Christy Lesko Cover Photo Credit: Everett Historical/Shutterstock.com Acknowledgements of third party content appear on page C-1 to C-2, which constitutes an extension of this copyright page. PEARSON, ALWAYS LEARNING and MasteringPhysics® are exclusive trademarks in the U. and/or other countries owned by Pearson Education, Inc.
or its affiliates. Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.com © Pearson Education Limited 2017 The right of Randall D. Knight to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach with Modern Physics,4/e, ISBN 978-0-13-394265-1, by Randall D.
Knight published by Pearson Education © 2017. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners.
The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 1-292-15742-9 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-15742-9 Typeset by Cenveo® Publisher Services Printed and bound in Malaysia A01_KNIG7429_04_GE_FM.indd 2 05/08/16 1:50 pm www.com About the Author Randy Knight taught introductory physics for 32 years at Ohio State University and California Polytechnic State University, where he is Professor Emeritus of Physics. Professor Knight received a Ph. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley and was a post-doctoral fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics before joining the faculty at Ohio State University.
It was at Ohio State that he began to learn about the research in physics education that, many years later, led to Five Easy Lessons: Strategies for Successful Physics Teaching and this book, as well as College Physics: A Strategic Approach, co- authored with Brian Jones and Stuart Field. Professor Knight’s research interests are in the fields of laser spectroscopy and environmental science. When he’s not in front of a computer, you can find Randy hiking, sea kayaking, playing the piano, or spending time with his wife Sally and their five cats. A01_KNIG7429_04_GE_FM.indd 3 18/07/16 2:52 pm Thermal energy Eth www.com A research-driven approach, fine-tuned for even greater Exercises and Problems 259 ergy associated Thermal energy is the sum of the micro- roller coaster’s scopic kinetic and potential energies and neutrons (together called nucleons) are held 55.
|| The potential energy for a particle that can move along the y depends on of all the atoms and bonds that make in theupnucleus of an atom by a force called the strong ease-of-use and student success together x-axis is U = Ax 2 + B sin1px/L2, where A, B, and L are constants. An object hasforce. moreAt thermal very small separations, the strong force between two What is the force on the particle at (a) x = 0, (b) x = L/2, and (c) energy when hot than when cold. nucleons is larger than the repulsive electrical force between two x = L? protons—hence its name.
But the strong force quickly weakens 62. || A particle that can move along the x-axis experiences an as the distance between the protons increases. A well-established interaction force Fx = 13x 2 - 5x2 N, where x is in m. Find an model for the potential energy of two nucleons interacting via the expression for the system’s potential energy.
strong force is 63. ||u An object moving in the xy-plane is subjected to the force F = 12xy ni + x 2 nj 2 N, where x and y are in m. nt distinction U = U0 31 - e -x/x04 we wish to REVISED COVER AGE AND ORGANIZATION a. The GIVE INSTRUCTORS particle moves from the origin to the point with coordinates where x is the distance between the centers of the two nucle- 1a, b2 by moving first along the x-axis to 1a, 02, then parallel xerting forces GREATER CHOICE AND FLEXIBILITY ons, x0 is a constant having the value x0 = 2.0 * 10-15 m, and to the y-axis.
How much work does the force do? rly define the -11 b. The particle moves from the origin to the point with coordinates U0 = 6. tance; it’s the Quantum effects are essential for a proper understand- 1a, b2 by moving first along the y-axis to 10, b2, then parallel ing of nucleons, but let usCHAPTER innocently consider two neutrons as to the x-axis. How much work does the force do? tem energy, FIGURE 9.1 A system-environment NEW! ORGANIZATION allowsc.
instructors Is this to a conservative force? perspective on energy. if they were small, hard, electrically neutral spheres of mass more easily present material as needed to complement labs, course 11.6 Advanced Topic: Rocket Propulsion 281 64. u An object moving in the xy-plane is subjected to the force || etic energy K, 1.67 * 10-27 kg and diameter 1. Suppose you hold e’ll introduce Environment schedules, and different teaching styles.
Work andFenergy = 12xyare ni + 3y nownj 2 N, where x and y are in m. Heat two neutrons Work 5.0 * 10-15 m STOPapart, TO THINKmeasured between 11.6 An object trav- their transformed Energy added covered before centers, then release them.eling What momentum, is the to the rightspeed with p of u oscillations ni kg m/s = 2each neutron are 2 grouped py (kg m /s) 2 a. py (kg with mThe /s) mechan- particle moves from the origin to the point with coordinates ical waves, and suddenly optics explodes as they crash together? Keep in mind that both appears into two after pieces. electricity neutrons are and 1a, b2 magnetism.
by moving first along the x-axis to 1a, 02, then parallel to which is then u p1 u a c System moving. Unchanged Piece 1 has the momentum p 1 shown in is Knight’s unique approach of working the y-axis. from concrete How much work does the force do? ting with the the figure. What is the momentum p 2 of u 0b.
The particle moves from the origin to the point with coordinates d 56.energy The system has sys kg blockto || AE2.