MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES BÙI PHÚ HƯNG TEACHING ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS: A COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC APPROACH DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THESIS IN THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING HUE, 2019 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES BÙI PHÚ HƯNG TEACHING ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS: A COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC APPROACH DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THESIS IN THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING CODE: 9 14 01 11 SUPERVISORS: Assoc. Trương Viên, PhD Assoc. Nguyễn Ngọc Vũ, PhD HUE, 2019 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ BÙI PHÚ HƯNG TEACHING ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS: A COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC APPROACH LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ CHUYÊN NGÀNH LÝ LUẬN VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP DẠY HỌC BỘ MÔN TIẾNG ANH MÃ NGÀNH: 9 14 01 11 NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN: PGS. Trương Viên PGS.
Nguyễn Ngọc Vũ HUẾ, 2019 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify my authorship of the PhD thesis submitted today entitled: “TEACHING ENGLISH PREPOSITIONS: A COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC APPROACH” for the degree of Doctor of Education, is the result of my own research, except where otherwise acknowledged, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree at any other institution. To the best of my knowledge, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by other people except where the reference is made in the thesis itself. Hue, ……………………………, 2019 Author’s signature Bùi Phú Hưng i ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the effects of applying cognitive linguistics (CL) to teaching the spatial and metaphorical senses of English prepositions above, among, at, behind, beside, between, in, in front of, on and under. It made attempts to apply the basic concepts in cognitive linguistics, including embodiment theory, image schemas theory, conceptual metaphor theory and domain mapping theory.
Also, the integrated text and picture comprehension (ITPC) model was applied to frame the instructions and practice tasks. A pretest- posttest between-group research design was adopted. The results of the pretest and pre-questionnaire were used to select student participants who were then divided into two different groups: cognitive group and traditional group. The findings revealed that the cognitive group (M=27.00) significantly outperformed the traditional group (M=22.36) in the posttest in terms of both the spatial and metaphorical meanings.
The cognitive group participants also responded that they appreciated the CL-based teaching of the prepositions more than the pedagogical applications which their former teachers had previously applied in terms of both the spatial and metaphorical meanings. Six out of 25 cognitive members responded that the teacher should have added something fun to make the class more interested in the lesson. Most of the participants believed that CL-based teaching was appropriate and admitted that CL-based teaching had more positive effects on their knowledge of the spatial meanings than that of the metaphorical meanings. The findings suggest that future studies and practices in ELT which would like to apply cognitive linguistics in EFL (English as a foreign language) classroom could include songs or games in the post-teaching stage to make the class more interesting.
Future research could also apply cognitive linguistics to teaching other prepositions in other contexts and employ a delayed posttest to measure EFL students’ retention of knowledge. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To conduct this doctoral thesis, I received much guidance and assistance from my supervisors, the academic panel at Hue University of Foreign Languages – Hue University, friends and students. First of all, my great sincere thanks would go to my supervisors, Assoc. Truong Vien at Hue University and Assoc.
Nguyen Ngoc Vu at Ho Chi Minh City University of Education. They constantly motivated me to complete this thesis punctually and gave me great advice on how to conduct this doctoral thesis. I really appreciated their supervision with theoretical background in cognitive linguistics. I also owe thanks to Assoc.
Tran Van Phuoc, Assoc. Le Pham Hoai Huong, Assoc. Pham Thi Hong Nhung, Dr. Ton Nu Nhu Huong, Dr.
Truong Bach Le and other academic panelists at University of Foreign Languages – Hue University for their advice on every single stage of conducting this doctoral dissertation. I am very grateful to all the teachers and student participants for their assistance with participating in this study. Without them, there would have been no chance for this PhD thesis to be completed. My appreciation is extended to my family and friends for their support.
They recommended large resources of materials and shared my cheers and stress from this thesis. iii ABBREVIATIONS CL: cognitive linguistics CG: cognitive group EFL: English as a foreign language ELT: English language teaching GPA: grade point average ITPC model: integrated text picture comprehension model L1: first language or native language L2: second language LM: landmark OALD: Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary SD: standard deviation SLA: second language acquisition T: total score TG: traditional group TR: trajectory iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. v LIST OF TABLES.
viii LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………….……ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Significance of the Study. Organization of the Thesis. 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.
Approaches in English Language Teaching. Contemporary Perspectives in English Language Teaching and Learning .2 Non-Interventionist Approach………………………………………………9 2.3 Integration of Interventionism and Non-Interventionism in EFL Context. The Place of CL in the Contemporary Literature in ELT. CL’s Views of English Prepositions.
Spatial Configurations of English Prepositions. The Domain-Mapping Theory. Conceptual Metaphors of English Prepositions. Image Schema Theory.
Foundations of Image Schemas. Demonstrating the Senses of Prepositions with Image Schemas. The Image Schemas Applied in this Study. Incorporating CL into Teaching English Prepositions.
39 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Research Approach and Design. Description of Teachers. Data Collection Instrumentation.
Pretest and Posttest. Questionnaires and Interviews. Research Procedure and Treatments. Research Reliability and Validity.
61 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. Effects of CL-Based Teaching on Vietnamese EFL College Students’ Knowledge of Spatial and Metaphorical Meanings. Performances in the Pretest and Posttest. Measures of the Test Scores across the Two Treatments.
Scores of Test Sections and Inter-Subject Variability. Investigating Other Variables with Potential Effects on the Experimental Results. Discussion of the Effects of the CL-Based Treatment on the Participants’ Knowledge of Spatial and Metaphorical Meanings. Discussion of the Experimental Results.
Comparison of the Findings of this Study and Those from the Previous Studies. Students’ Evaluation of the Effects of the CL-Based Treatment. Students’ Evaluation of the Effects of the CL-Based Treatment of the Spatial Meanings of the Prepositions. Students’ Evaluation of the Effects of the CL-Based Treatment of the Metaphorical Meanings of the Prepositions.
Discussion of the Students’ Evaluation of the Effects of the CL-Based Treatment. 124 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. Limitations of the Study. Suggestions for Future Studies.
131 AUTHOR'S WORKS………………………………………………………………… REFERENCES. APPENDIX A1: PRETEST APPENDIX A2: POSTTEST APPENDIX A3: ANSWERS TO THE PRETEST AND POSTTEST APPENDIX B1: LESSON ONE (TG) APPENDIX B2: LESSON TWO (TG) APPENDIX B3: LESSON THREE (TG) APPENDIX B4: LESSON FOUR (TG) APPENDIX C1: LESSON ONE (CG) APPENDIX C2: LESSON TWO (CG) APPENDIX C3: LESSON THREE (CG) APPENDIX C4: LESSON FOUR (CG) vii APPENDIX D: ANSWERS TO THE HANDOUT TASKS APPENDIX E1: PRE-QUESTIONNAIRE APPENDIX E2: POST-QUESTIONNAIRE (FOR THE COGNITIVE GROUP) APPENDIX E3: POST-QUESTIONNAIRE (FOR THE TRADITIONAL GROUP) APPENDIX F: INTERVIEW PROTOCOL APPENDIX G1: PAIR MATCHING PARTICIPANTS APPENDIX G2: COMPARISON OF PAIRS’ SCORE IMPROVEMENTS FROM PRETEST TO POSTTEST APPENDIX H1: CODED INTERVIEW RESPONSES BY CG MEMBERS: SPATIAL MEANINGS APPENDIX H2: CODED INTERVIEW RESPONSES BY CG MEMBERS: METAPHORICAL MEANINGS APPENDIX I1: COMPARISON OF CG’S AND TG’S SCORE GAINS FROM PRETEST TO POSTTEST BY SECTION APPENDIX I2: CG’S AND TG’S EAGERNESS FOR JOINING THE STUDY APPENDIX I3: COMPARING CG’S AND TG’S RESPONSES TO PART 2 OF THE PRE-QUESTIONNAIRE APPENDIX I4: COMPARISON OF TG’S AND CG’S MEAN SCORES: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Description of teachers.3 Summary of data collection instruments.4 Item distribution in the pre -questionnaire.5 Examples of data coding.1 Total mean scores and standard deviations by CG and TG .2 Score gains in spatial meanings .3 Score gains in metaphorical meanings.4 Paired samples correlation .5 Repeated measures of paired samples test .6 Comparison of mean scores of the test sections across the two treatments .7 Independent samples t-test of two group’s scores across three sections 68 Table 4.8 Independent samples t-test of across the three sections in the pretest and posttest between the two groups .9 Participants’ score improvements by track .10 CG’s responses to the pre-questionnaire and post-questionnaire .11 Interest and appropriateness of the teaching of the spatial meanings in participants’ prior experiences .12 Interest and appropriateness of CL-based teaching of spatial meanings 95 Table 4.13 Effects of the teaching of spatial meanings in participants’ prior experiences .14 Effects of CL-based teaching of the spatial meanings .15 Interest and appropriateness of the teaching of the metaphorical meanings in participants’ prior experiences .16 Interest and appropriateness of CL-based teaching of metaphorical meanings .17 Effects of the teaching of the metaphorical meanings in participants’ prior experiences .18 Effects of CL-based teaching of metaphorical meanings .115 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Levels of representation .2 Prepositions across domains .3 Integrated text and picture comprehension model (ITPC) .4 Demonstration of the preposition over .5 Image schema of preposition in (meaning: CONTAINMENT) .6 Image schema of the preposition above by Gardenfors .7 Image schema of above applied in this study .8 AROUND image schema (Adapted from Bacs, 2002) .9 Image schema of the preposition among applied in this study .10 ADJENCY image schema.11 Image schema of at applied in this study .12 Image schema for BACK.13 Image schema of behind applied in this study .14 Image schema of beside (Dana and Mantey, 2006, p.15 Image schema of beside applied in this study.16 STATIC-RELATION image schema of between in this study .17 DYNAMIC RELATION image schema of between in this study .18 Image schema of in front of (Dana and Mantey, 2006, p.19 Image schema of in front of applied in this study .20 2-D image schema of on (Adapted from Gardenfors, 2000) .21 Image schema of the preposition on used in this study .22 Image schema of preposition under (Dana and Mantey, 2006).23 Image schema of preposition under applied in this study. CG individuals’ score growth. TG individuals’ score growths.
Rationale In the past decades, large numbers of empirical studies have been contributed to the teaching and learning of English as a second or foreign language. These contributive efforts have been made in foreign language teaching, (e. Chen & Lin, 2018; Phạm Vũ Phi Hổ & Usaha, 2015) second language acquisition, and associated areas, including cognitive science and linguistics (e.Vũ Thị Huyền & Nguyễn Văn Trào, 2017; Kobayashi, 2018). However, English prepositions expose some inherent difficulties to students learning English as a foreign language (Fang, 2000).
First, prepositions are examples of polysemy; one preposition used in different contexts may have several different meanings. Secondly, the meanings of one preposition may vary in different contexts (Collins & Hollo, 2010; Hornby, 2015). Thirdly, there is sometimes overlapping between prepositions in use; that is, one preposition can replace another with a slight difference in meaning. For example, the expressions in Frankfurt and at Frankfurt are both considered correct in different contexts.
The former may be used to refer to somebody’s home, but the latter may describe a point on a journey (Swan, 2014). Another common characteristic of prepositions is that they are multi- functional. For instance, a prepositional phrase serves different functions, such as an adjunct, a complement or a modifier in different contexts (Collins & Hollo, 2010). Traditional pedagogical options for teaching English prepositions to adult learners of English as a foreign language also expose problems.
Nguyễn Thị Mai Hoa (2009) discovered that Vietnamese teachers mainly exploited the pedagogical suggestions in prescribed textbooks. Most textbooks applied in Vietnam (e.