VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY LE THANH HAI TRIEU DEVELOPMENT OF THERMOSENSITIVE HYDROGEL COMPOSITE DELIVERING NATURAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EXTRACT PHÁT TRIỂN VẬT LIỆU HYDROGEL COMPOSITE NHẠY NHIỆT MANG CHIẾT XUẤT TỰ NHIÊN CÓ HOẠT TÍNH KHÁNG VIÊM Major: Chemical Engineering Major code: 8520301 MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, July 2024 THIS THESIS IS COMPLETED AT HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU-HCM Supervisor: Supervisor 1: Assoc Prof. Ha Cam Anh, Ph. Supervisor 2: Assoc Prof. Le Thi Kim Phung, Ph.
Examiner 1: Bui Tan Nghia, Ph. Examiner 2: Tong Thanh Danh, Ph. This master’s thesis is defended at HCM City University of Technology, VNU- HCM City on July 8th 2024 Master’s Thesis Committee: 1. Chair of Thesis Committee: Cao Xuan Thang, Ph.
Examiner 1: Bui Tan Nghia, Ph. Examiner 2: Tong Thanh Danh, Ph. Member of Thesis Committee: Nguyen Dang Khoa, Ph. Secretary of Thesis Committee: Phan Nguyen Quynh Anh, Ph.
Approval of the Chair of Master’s Thesis Committee and Dean of Faculty of Chemical Engineering after the thesis being corrected. CHAIR OF THESIS COMMITTEE DEAN OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Independence – Freedom – Happiness ─────────────────────────────── ────────────────── TASK SHEET OF MASTER’S THESIS Full name: LE THANH HAI TRIEU Student ID: 2370090 Day of birth: 24/06/2001 Place of birth: Ho Chi Minh City Major: Chemical Engineering Major ID: 8520301 1. Thesis title In English: Development of thermosensitive hydrogel composite delivering natural anti- inflammatory extract In Vietnamese: Phát triển vật liệu hydrogel composite nhạy nhiệt mang chiết xuất tự nhiên có hoạt tính kháng viêm 2. Tasks and contents: Tasks: Extraction and encapsulation of betel leaf phytochemicals into chitosan nanoparticles and synthesis of thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel composite for delivery of extract-loaded nanoparticles Contents: - Content 1: Extraction and quantification of bioactive compounds in ethanolic betel leaf extract.
- Content 2: Investigating the influence of initial extract concentration on the properties of betel extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. - Content 3: Fabrication and characterization of thermosensitive hydrogel composites - Content 4: Investigating the influence of synthesis conditions on the properties of the chitosan/gelatin hydrogel composites encapsulating the as-fabricated nanoparticles to deliver betel leaf extract. - Content 5: Evaluating in vitro release kinetics and biodegradability of the synthesized chitosan/gelatin hydrogel composites - 3. Start date: 15th January, 2024 4.
Completion date: 20th May, 2024 5. Supervisor: Supervisor 1: Assoc. Ha Cam Anh Supervisor 2: Assoc. Le Thi Kim Phung Ho Chi Minh City, June 4th 2024 SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT DEAN OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ACKNOWLEDGMENT First and foremost, I acknowledge Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM for supporting this study.
I am also grateful of Refinery and Petrochemical Technology Center (RPTC), Institute for Tropical Technology and Environmental Protection (VITTEP), and the 401B2 laboratory for providing me with all the necessary facilities and equipment so that I can complete this thesis. I would like to express the deepest gratitude to Assoc. Dr Ha Cam Anh and Assoc. Le Thi Kim Phung, both of whom have given me the opportunity to complete this research, and provided me with insightful advices throughout the duration of this research.
In addition, I sincerely appreciate the support from Sustainable Process Engineering (SPE) research group, especially MSc. Do Nguyen Hoang Nga whose dedicated guidance and words of encouragement have brought me through many obstacles during my research. A special thank to my research partner BEng. Huynh Thi My Duyen who have been helping me with my projects since we were still undergraduates.
Also, I would like to thank the K20 undergraduates from the 401B2 laboratory for the cooperation and valuable discussions that have greatly contributed to my research. And finally, I am forever indebted to my family and friends who have always been eager to support me not only materially, but also mentally so that I can continue to move forward. Le Thanh Hai Trieu i ABSTRACT In this study, thermosensitive hydrogel composites have been fabricated with dual polymer components, namely chitosan and gelatin. With the purpose of exploiting beneficial properties of natural extract, a novel blend of thermosensitive chitosan/gelatin hydrogel composite and betel extract-loaded chitosan nanoparticles was prepared.
The chitosan nanoparticles carrying betel leaf extract were loaded into hydrogel composite for controlled release of therapeutic phytochemical compound, oriented for wound healing application. Ethanolic betel leaf extract was obtained using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The total flavonoid and total phenolic content in the extract were 1463.09 mg RE/g extract and 232.53 mg GAE/ g extract, respectively. The chitosan nanoparticles loaded with betel leaf extract (NCS-BLE) have average size of 304 ± 2.1 nm, PDI of 0.0145, and zeta potential of 26.
The encapsulation efficiency of BLE is 33.51% and loading capacity around 14. The fabricated hydrogel composite synthesized with 2% chitosan, 0.25% gelatin, and 6% β- glycerophosphate shows most appropriate properties for wound healing application. Additionally, the hydrogel composite exhibit rapid sol-gel phase transition from 5.29 minutes at physiological temperature. The incorporation of sodium bicarbonate as a co-crosslink agent also increases the mechanical strength of the hydrogel system, able to withstand compression with a load of 0.049N with an elastic modulus of 3.
The highest swelling ratio of the hydrogel composites in PBS pH 6.5 at 37°C and 39°C after 24 hours reached 215. The highest cumulative release percentage of flavonoid from hydrogel matrix after 3 hours is around 60. These results indicate that thermosensitive hydrogel composite from chitosan and gelatin is an appropriate dressing medium and carrying system for controlled release of active compounds. ii TÓM TẮT Trong nghiên cứu này, vật liệu hydrogel composite nhạy nhiệt đã được tổng hợp từ hai thành phần polymer, cụ thể là chitosan và gelatin.
Với mục đích khai thác các đặc tính có lợi của chiết xuất tự nhiên, một hỗn hợp mới kết hợp giữa chitosan/gelatin hydrogel composite nhạy nhiệt và các hạt nano chitosan chứa chiết xuất trầu đã được tổng hợp. Các hạt nano chitosan mang chiết xuất lá trầu được nạp vào vật liệu hydrogel composite để giải phóng có kiểm soát các hợp chất hóa học tự nhiên có dược tính trị, hướng đến ứng dụng chữa lành vết thương. Chiết xuất ethanol của lá trầu không thu được bằng cách sử dụng phương pháp chiết xuất hỗ trợ siêu âm. Tổng hàm lượng flavonoid và tổng hàm lượng phenolic có trong cao chiết lần lượt là 1463,18 ± 38,09 mg RE/g cao chiết và 232,316 ± 7,53 mg GAE/g cao chiết.
Các hạt nano chitosan chứa chiết xuất lá trầu (NCS-BLE) có kích thước trung bình là 304 ± 2,1 nm, PDI là 0,1894 ± 0,0145 và thế zeta là 26,63 ± 0,2682 mV. Hiệu suất bao bọc của cao chiết lá trầu không là 33,26 ± 1,51% và khả năng tải khoảng 14,13 ± 0,64%. Vật liệu hydrogel composite được tổng hợp với 2% wt chitosan, 0,25% wt gelatin và 6% wt β-glycerophosphate thể hiện các đặc tính phù hợp cho ứng dụng chữa lành vết thương. Ngoài ra, các mẫu vật liệu hydrogel composite cũng thể hiện khả năng chuyển pha sol-gel nhanh chóng từ 5,83 ± 0,29 đến 11,17 ± 0,29 phút ở nhiệt độ sinh lý.
Việc bổ sung natri bicarbonate làm tác nhân đồng liên kết ngang cũng giúp tăng cường độ bền cơ học của hệ hydrogel, với khả năng chịu nén với tải trọng 0,049N với mô đun đàn hồi là 3,18 kPa. Tỷ lệ trương nở cao nhất của vật liệu hydrogel composite trong PBS pH 6,5 ở 37°C và 39°C sau 24 giờ đạt lần lượt là 215,58 ± 8,09 % và 324,33 ± 13,73%. Lượng giải phóng tích lũy flavonoid cao nhất từ nền hydrogel sau 3 giờ đạt 60,54 ± 1,87%. Những kết quả này chỉ ra rằng vật liệu hydrogel composite nhạy nhiệt từ chitosan và gelatin phù hợp để băng bó vết thương cũng như là một hệ dẫn truyền thích hợp để giải phóng có kiểm soát các hợp chất có hoạt tính.
iii DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this thesis is my own research, and that the results, data, and information in this work are truthful and have not been published under any form. Le Thanh Hai Trieu iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT. iii DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP .iv LIST OF TABLES .ix LIST OF FIGURES.xi LIST OF ABBREVIATION. 1 CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW.
Wound healing process and the impacts of betel leaf extracts on wound healing. Wound and the physiological processes in wound healing. Inflammatory response phase and its role in wound healing. Termination of inflammatory responses to promote wound healing.
Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs and their effects on wound healing. Natural extracts and their anti-inflammatory properties. Betel leaf extract as a therapeutic agent to alleviate inflammation in wounds. Carrier system and their relevance in delivering natural extracts.
Nanoparticles as delivery systems. Hydrogel as a macro-delivery system. Chitosan and its applications as carrier systems for delivering natural products to promote wound healing. Chitosan and its application in delivering bioactive products.
Thermosensitive hydrogel composite material derived from chitosan for wound healing application. Research status on chitosan-based hydrogel composite delivery system 30 CHAPTER 2: EXPERIMENT. Research objective and contents. Materials, equipment, and instrumentations.
Extraction and determination of bioactive content in betel leaf ethanolic extract. BLE extraction procedure. Determination of total flavonoid and total polyphenolic content in BLE. Study on activity of BLE.
Preparation of BLE-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Preparation of chitosan hydrogel composite material delivering BLE- loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Characterization of chitosan-based nanoparticles and hydrogels. Particle size distribution analysis.
Chemical structure analysis. Evaluation of encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of chitosan nanoparticles. Evaluation of antibacterial activity of BLE-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Evaluation of sol-gel behavior of hydrogel composite material.
Evaluation of mechanical strength of hydrogel composite material. Evaluation of swelling ratio of hydrogel composite material. 54 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Assessment of the ethanolic betel leaf extract.
Preparation of BLE-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Effect of BLE concentration on particle size and stability of the nanoparticle system. Effect of BLE concentration on encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity of the nanoparticle system. Antibacterial activity of BLE-loaded chitosan nanoparticles.
Morphology of chemical structure analysis. Preparation of hydrogel composite material. Effect of sodium bicarbonate and gelatin on hydrogel physicochemical properties. Effect of NCS-BLE loading on hydrogel properties.
Cumulative release of BLE from hydrogel/nanoparticle matrix. Release kinetics and release mechanism of BLE from hydrogel/nanoparticle matrix. 80 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 97 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.
Total phenolic, total flavonoid content of betel leaf extracts obtained using different solvents. Pros and cons between chemical and physical crosslinking. Summary of research combining hydrogel with nanoparticles. Formulations of NCS-BLE with increasing BLE concentration 44 Table 2.
Composition hydrogel composites. Formulations of hydrogel composites with increasing BLE concentration. Mathematical models for cumulative release of extract. Antimicrobial and anti-oxidant of betel leaf extract.
Average pore size of different hydrogel composites. Young’s modulus of different hydrogel composites. Parameters and adjusted R2 value of drug release models. Formulations of NCS-BLE with increasing BLE concentration 44 Table 2.
Composition hydrogel composites. Formulations of hydrogel composites with increasing BLE concentration. Mathematical models for cumulative release of extract. Antimicrobial and anti-oxidant of betel leaf extract.
Average pore size of different hydrogel composites. Young’s modulus of different hydrogel composites. Parameters and adjusted R2 value of drug release models .81 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Primary phases of wound healing [1].
Outcomes of acute inflammatory response [9]. Biological events in acute inflammatory response [7]. Biological events in chronic inflammation [7] .