UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS: AN APPROACH FOR VIETNAM STOCK MARKET BY NGUYEN NAM KHANH MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, January 2016 123doc UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL HO CHI MINH CITY STUDIES VIETNAM THE HAGUE THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – NETHERLANDS PROGRAM FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS: AN APPROACH FOR VIETNAM STOCK MARKET A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS By NGUYEN NAM KHANH Academic Supervisor Dr. TRUONG DANG THUY Ho Chi Minh City, January 2016 123doc QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS: AN APPROACH FOR VIETNAM STOCK MARKET Nguyen Nam Khanh January 15, 2016 123doc Abstract Value at Risk (VaR) is widely used in risk measurement. It is de…ned as the worst expected loss of a portfolio under a given time horizon at a given con…dence level. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate performance of 16 VaR models in forecasting one - day ahead VaR for daily return of VNIN- DEX and a group 8 banking stock indexes including ACB, BVH, CTG, EIB, MBB, SHB, STB, VCB to …nd out the most appropriate model for each stock index.
Three unconditional volatility models including historical, normal and Student’s - t as well as EWMA and two volatility models including GARCH, GJR - GARCH with three return distributions normal, Student’s - t and skewed Student’s - t and associated Extreme Value Theory (EVT) models are performed at 5%, 2.5% and 1% of signi…cance level. Violation ration, Kupiec’s unconditional coverage test, independence test and Christo¤ersen conditional coverage test are used to backtested performance of all models. Besides statistical analysis, graphical analysis is also incorporated. Backtest- ing indicates that there is no best model for all cases because of character- istic di¤erence from particular stock index.
Implication of this thesis is that a suitable VaR forecasting model is only chosen after backtesting frequently performance of various models in order to ensure that most relevant and most accurate models are suited for current …nancial market situation. Keywords: Value at Risk, Extreme Value Theory, …nancial risk manage- ment, conditional volatility model, backtesting, stock index 123doc Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.4 Subject and scope of research .5 Structure of the thesis .1 Financial return data .2 Concept of Risk .3 Classi…cation of Risk .4 Risk measurement and Coherence .1 Value at Risk .3 Extreme Value Theory .3 Empirical studies review .1 Empirical research on modeling and measuring VaR .2 Empirical research on Extreme Value Theory (EVT) VaR .1 Unconditional VaR models .2 Conditional VaR models - Volatility model using EWMA, GARCH, GJR - GARCH model .3 Extreme value theory (EVT) distribution in VaR mod- eling .2 Christo¤ersen’s Tests .3 Hypothesis testing procedure .2 GARCH, GJR - GARCH and EVT model estimation .3 Models forecasting performance analysis .4 Graphical analysis of model forecasting .3 Limitation and further studies. 79 2 123doc List of Tables 4.1 Descriptive of data sample .2 Descriptive statistics of daily stock index returns .3 Parameters estimation of GARCH(1,1) model with normal dis- tributed innovation for daily stock index returns .4 Parameters estimation of GARCH(1,1) model with Student’s - t distributed innovation for daily stock index returns .5 Parameters estimation of GARCH(1,1) model with skewed Student’s - t distributed innovation for daily stock index re- turns .6 Parameters estimation of GJR - GARCH(1,1) model with nor- mal distributed innovation for daily stock index returns .7 Parameters estimation of GRJ - GARCH(1,1) model with Stu- dent’s - t distributed innovation for daily stock index returns 52 4.8 Parameters estimation of GRJ - GARCH(1,1) model with skewed Student’s - t distributed innovation for daily stock index re- turns .9 Parameters estimation of generalized Pareto distribution (GPD), threshold exceedances of 5 percentage from GARCH(1,1) model 54 4.10 Parameters estimation of generalized Pareto distribution (GDP), threshold exceedances of 5 percentage from GJR - GARCH (1,1) model.11 Expected and actual number of VaR violations at threshold 5 percentage.12 Violation ratio and Kupiec’s test p - value at 5 percent signif- icance level.13 Independence test and Christo¤ersen’s test at 5 percent sig- ni…cance level.14 Expected and actual number of VaR violations at threshold 2.15 Violation ratio and Kupiec’s test p - value at 2.5 percent sig- ni…cance level.16 Independence test and Christo¤ersen’s test at 2.5 pecent sig- ni…cance level.17 Expected and actual number of VaR violations at threshold 1 percentage.18 Violation ratio and Kupiec’s test p - value at 1 percent signif- icance level.19 Independence test and Christo¤ersen’s test at 1 pecent signif- icance level.20 Best forecasting VaR model according to Christo¤ersen’s test at 5, 2.5 and 1 percentage of signi…cance level. 71 4 123doc List of Figures 4.1 Daily value of stock index .2 Daily return of stock index .3 Histograms of daily stock index returns .4 Qnorm - QQ plot of daily stock index returns .5 ACF for daily stock index returns .6 PACF for daily stock index returns .7 ACF for squared of daily stock index returns .8 PACF for squared of daily stock index returns .9 EWMA and unconditional VaR models forecasting performance for daily return of EIB at 5% signi…cance level .10 GARCH VaR model forecasting performance for daily return of ACB at 5% signi…cance level .11 GJR - GARCH VaR model forecasting performance for daily return of MBB at 5% signi…cance level .12 EVT GARCH VaR model forecasting performance for daily return of CTG at 5% signi…cance level .13 EVT GJR - GARCH VaR model forecasting performance for daily return of BVH at 5% signi…cance level.
75 5 123doc ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to send special thanks to my academic supervisor Dr. Truong Dang Thuy, for his patience guidance, enthusiasm and support during my thesis writing process. I would also like to thank Dr. Pham Khanh Nam who also gave me valuable advices for my thesis.
A special thank goes out to all lecturers, sta¤s of the Vietnam - Netherlands Program as well as my classmates for all their helps and supports. I am most grateful to my family. Thank you for always being there for me, thank you for inspiring me, supporting me and making me appreciate the value of education. Last but not least, I would like to thank my wife and my daughter.
Thank you for your patience, deep understanding and encouragement. I am grateful to you. 6 123doc Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Problem statements In recent years, …nancial market in the world have faced the collapse of many major institutions as well as organizations, such as the stock market crisis - Black Monday (1987), the bond market crisis in U. and the …nancial crisis in Europe (2007), bankrupt or bailed by governments of Lehman Brothers, AIG (2008) and then it led to global …nancial crisis and economy recession all over the world (2008).
These events seem to be rare but now they happen frequently and have a negative impact to …nancial market on both size and loss. Beside on objective causes, such as war, calamity, terrorism,. one of main important factors impacting to …nancial market is a weakness of risk management system. Therefore, a challenge has been raised is how to identify and measure the risk in order to minimize the loss as well as ensure the safe environment for …nancial market and economy system.
In modern risk management, it is not su¢ cient if only simply focus on quality policy. Risk is actually the expected loss of outcome in future, so it is often measured by probability distribution. One of the important stages in …nancial risk management process is build up models to measure and evaluate the risks. However, a di¢ cult process might be raised when applying them into actual condition of market because every model is associated with some de…ned assumptions, hypotheses and sometimes these assumptions are not satis…ed in particular conditions of market.
Therefore, some new approaches should be studied in these models in order to choose and apply the best one with actual conditions in various markets. Financial risk management in the world has attained some improvement process when changing the mind set from passive to active in risk manage- 7 123doc ment and applied these risk measure methods into business process evalua- tion, allocation assets, portfolios management with e¢ ciency result. Vietnam stock market born in July 2000 is an important step to indicate an improvement in the country’s economy. Vietnam stock market is rela- tive young when compared to others development stock market in the world and then it has attained new opportunities as well as faced with many new challenges.
In recent years, although Vietnam stock market has many ‡uc- tuations but it is still an attractive environment for many foreign investors as well as local ones. All investors, de…nitely, would like their investments produce a highest pro…t with lowest risk and they are also two main factors that in‡uence all their business activities. According to risk management in Vietnam, …nancial market in general and Vietnam stock market in particu- lar, it is actual limited in term of both policy and tool. Therefore, system of …nancial risk management should be studied and built up in active and e¤ective way.
One of the most known risk measurement applied in risk management is Value at Risk (VaR) and it becomes a popular risk management tool for …nancial regulations and …nancial institutions to evaluate possible losses that they can incur. The VaR estimation was required by Basel Committee on banking supervision to meet the capital required for covering potential losses and VaR …gures considered as additional information to shareholders have disclosed by many of …nancial institutions. VaR can answer well a question what is a maximum …nancial amount possible to loose with given time horizon under given con…dence level or signi…cance level. An overview of VaR is reviewed by Du¢ e and Pan (1997).
Many methodologies are using to estimate VaR only based on simple assumption that all …nancial returns follows Gaussian normal distribution. However, estimating VaR by using normal distribution for each asset has raised an inaccuracy result because non - normality of …nancial returns. Therefore, various advanced VaR measurement techniques are used to es- timate VaR of daily returns of stock index and then the performance of these models are evaluated in order to …nd out the best ones which could be used by …nancial institutions to manage market risk. To suggest suitable risk measurement VaR models for portfolio in Viet- nam stock market.
Does the forecasting VaR performance improve from unconditional to conditional volatility models? 2. Does the forecasting VaR performance unchange with respect to di¤er- ent signi…cance level? 3. Is it possible to …nd out one VaR model which has best forecasting performance for Vietnam stock market? 1.4 Subject and scope of research This thesis studies risk measurement VaR with various models as well as methodologies in advanced and applies these models into risk measure for Vietnam stock market. The purpose of this thesis is to identify a best appropriate VaR method including unconditional VaR models such as Historical simulation, normal- ity VaR, Student’s - t VaR, skewed Student’s - t VaR and conditional VaR models where volatility is forecasted by using Exponential Weighted Moving Average (EWMA), Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (GARCH) and GJR - GARCH in risk measurement through measuring po- tential losses of daily return of VNINDEX as well a group of 8 banking stock indexes with di¤erent time period for each stock index.
The longest time pe- riod is in VNINDEX which is studied from year 2002 to the end of November 2015. Stock indexes historical return data is assumed to provide su¢ cient information for model evaluation and predicting one - day return forecasts under 95%, 97.5% and 99% con…dence level.