HUE UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES -------------------------- TON NU HIEU THUAN HEDGING EXPRESSIONS IN TED TALKS IN ENGLISH MA THESIS ENGLISH LANGUAGE CODE: 8220201 SUPERVISOR: DR. PHAM HONG ANH THUA THIEN HUE, 2022 ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ -------------------------- TÔN NỮ HIẾU THUẬN DIỄN ĐẠT RÀO ĐÓN TRONG CÁC BÀI DIỄN THUYẾT TED BẰNG TIẾNG ANH LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ NGÔN NGỮ ANH MÃ SỐ: 8220201 NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC: TS. PHẠM HỒNG ANH THỪA THIÊN HUẾ, 2022 STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, I certify that my thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself.
Signed: Date: 30/9/2022 ABSTRACT This study aims to discover the hedging expressions in TED talks in English, particularly those expressed at the lexical and syntactic level, and the relationship between hedging and TED talk discourse. Hedges are utilized to illustrate that the speaker or writer has carefully considered the propositional contents, the audience, and the needs of the audience members, boosting the credibility of the propositions. The speakers at TED talks use hedges in their statements to maintain their credibility and the consideration of the audience. The researcher decided to take a qualitative and a quantitative approach.
The qualitative technique is to determine the type of hedging and explore the connection between hedging and TED talk discourse. With the quantitative technique, the researcher counted the number of times hedging occurred. This method is used to discover how hedging expressions are conveyed at the lexical and syntactic levels. The findings of this study showed that TED English speakers employed lexical elements more frequently than syntactic units.
Modal and semi-modal verbs (42%), Quantifiers and Determiners (34%), Frequency adverbs (8%), Copular/ Epistemic verbs (except for to be) (6%), Introductory/ Lexical/ Cognitive verbs (4%) and Probability/ Epistemic/ Modal adverbs (3%), Probability/ Epistemic/ Modal adjectives (2%), Epistemic/ Modal nouns (1%). Besides, hypothetical formulations are more common than impersonal language. 97% of hypotheses and 3% of impersonal language were employed. Functionally, approximators outnumbered shields; approximators were 83% of the total, whereas shields were 17%.
Adaptors occurred about ten times more often than rounders; approximators were 91%, and rounders were 9%. Plausibility shields are 19 times more common than attribution shields. In contrast, plausibility shields appear 95% of the time. The results of this study raise a few issues about the theoretical classification of hedging for a better clear-cut boundary between lexical items and syntactic units.
The findings offered some critical pedagogical implications that can be used when teaching English to students. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to express my gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dr. Pham Hong Anh, for her support, patience, and encouragement throughout this project. Her technical and editorial advice was essential to completing this paper and has taught me innumerable lessons and insights into the workings of academic research.
Besides, thanks are due to my family and my friends - their dedication and support during my thesis study provided the foundation for this work. Con cảm ơn gia đình đã luôn bên cạnh, ủng hộ, động viên con hoàn tất luận văn này. List of Tables Table 1. The Classifications of Hedges based on Different Taxonomies Table 2.
The classifications of Hedges based on Linguistic Categories Table 3. Hedging Expressions Categorized in 22 TED Talks Table 4. The Appearance of Modal and Semi-Modal Verbs in 22 Ted Talks Table 5. The Appearance of Adverbs of Frequency in 22 TED Talks Table 6.
The Appearance of Copular/ Epistemic Verbs (except for to be) in 22 TED Talks Table 7. The Appearance of Introductory/ Lexical/ Cognitive Verbs, Probability/ Epistemic/ Modal Adverbs, and Probability/ Epistemic/ Modal Adjectives in 22 TED Talks Table 8. The Appearance of Epistemic/ Modal Nouns in 22 TED Talks Table 9. The Appearance of Impersonal Language in 22 TED Talks Table 10.
Hedging Expressions Categorized by Function in 22 TED Talks Table 11. The Appearance of Adaptors Table 12. The Appearance of Rounders Table 13. The Appearance of Plausibility Shields Table 14.
The Appearance of Attribution Shields List of Figures Figure 1. The Taxonomy of Hyland's Category Figure 2. The Taxonomy of Salager-Meyer's Category Figure 3. The Taxonomy of Prince et al.
The Linguistic Classification Figure 5. The Functional Level Classification Figure 6. Percentage of Lexical Items and Syntactic Units Figure 7. Percentage of Hedges in Lexical Items Figure 8.
Percentage of Hedges in Syntactic Units Figure 9. Percentage of Approximators and Shields Figure 10. Percentage of Adaptors and Rounders Figure 11. Percentage of Plausibility Shields and Attribution Shields List of Abbreviations L1 The first language EFL English as a foreign language ESP English for specific purposes LSP Language for specific purposes TABLE OF CONTENTS Statement of Original Authorship.
iv List of Tables. v List of Figures. vi List of Abbreviations. vii Table of contents.
vii Chapter 1: Introduction. Research Background and Rationale of the Study. Research Objectives and Research Questions. Significance of the Study.
Scope of the Study. Structure of the Thesis. Summary of the Chapter. 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review.
Definition of Hedging Expressions. Classification of Hedges. Classification based on the Linguistic Level. Classification based on the Functional Level.
TED Talks as a Type of Discourse. Previous Studies in Hedging and Different Discourses. The Research Gap. Summary of the Chapter.
Data Collection Instrument. Data Analysis Process. Summary of the Chapter. 25 Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion.
Hedging Expressions in TED talks based on the Lexical Level. Hedging Expressions in TED talks based on the Syntactic Level. Hedging Expressions in TED talks based on the Functional Level. Hedging Expressions Expressed at the Lexical and Syntactic Levels.
The Relationship Between the Use of Hedging and TED talks Discourse. Summary of the Chapter. 48 Chapter 5: Conclusion and Implications. Summary of Key Findings.
Limitations of the Study. Summary of the Chapter. 55 References Appendices 1 Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter begins by describing the context of this study. Then the research objectives and research questions will be presented.
This chapter will be followed by research significance and scope. The structure of the thesis and the summary of the chapter will end this chapter. Research Background and Rationale of the Study English language is extremely important because it facilitates communication across the globe. It is the primary language for learning worldwide.
English is essential for people because it broadens their horizons, cultivates their emotional intelligence, and improves their quality of life by providing employment prospects. Above all, the ultimate goal of English learners is to communicate well in international contexts. Communication is not simply about mastering vocabulary and grammar to convey content. Most importantly, communication needs to convey more subtle elements.
In other words, communication involves speakers' use of language to express themselves and show respect to listeners. A multitude of research has demonstrated the benefits of using hedges in effective communication. First, hedging techniques convey deliberate indirectness to prevent the author from committing fully to the content (Skelton, 1988). Second, hedges can soften the claims to avoid assertions on the audience, which safeguards the audience's facial wishes (Hinkel, 1997).
Thirdly, hedging methods demonstrate the author's prudence and modesty, enhancing the assertions' credibility (Hyland, 2000). Hyland (1994, 1996, 1998) examined the sorts of hedges from various disciplines. In particular, TED talks are a type of discourse involving many elements that demonstrate the use of language at the most subtle level, so TED talks have attracted a great deal of scholarly attention for studies into language use. These reasons lead to the intention of the author to carry out a study into hedging in TED talks.
Research Objectives and Research Questions This study aims to investigate hedging Expressions expressed at the lexical level and the syntactic level in TED talks in English and the relationship between hedging and TED talk discourse. To achieve the general research objective mentioned above, the researcher seeks answers to the following questions: Question 1: What is the frequency of hedging expressions at the lexical level in English TED talks? Question 2: What is the frequency of hedging expressions at the syntactic level in English TED talks? Question 3: What is the relationship between hedging and TED talk discourse? 1. Significance of the Study Hedging is a communication strategy observed in formal monologues such as scientific presentations, business lectures, and well-known TED talks. Through examination of how hedging is expressed at linguistic levels in such a sophisticated discourse like TED talks, this research study demonstrates the importance of an awareness and use of hedging expressions in fostering effective interpersonal communication.
This implies both theoretical and practical significance of the study. Scope of the Study The corpus is taken from 22 TED talks (2019 - 2022). The speakers in these TED talks are all English speakers. An analysis of hedging from different speakers' speeches helps the author to better understand and gain more insights into how English speakers use hedging.
Structure of the Thesis This study is organized into five chapters with the main contents as follows: 3 Chapter 1: Introduction offers the basic concepts of the study, including the rationale of the study, the aims of the study, the significance of the study, the scope of the study, as well as the overall structure of the study. Chapter 2: Literature Review presents basic concepts of the topic, including definitions of hedging expressions and the taxonomy of hedges. Besides, past research studies on hedging according to various discourses and research gaps are presented. This chapter gives the theoretical framework for the discussion and findings.
Chapter 3: Methodology describes the methodology used in this study, including the research approach, theoretical framework, data collection instrument, and data analysis process. Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion presents the study's findings and discusses significant results related to the research aims. In the findings section, the answers to three research questions will be provided. Following the results, the discussion section will discuss some remarkable issues emerging from the findings.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Implications summarizes the study's results, offers implications, deals with the study's limitations, and gives recommendation for further studies. Summary of the Chapter This chapter serves as a general introduction to the present study. It initially looked at the theoretical and contextual rationale of the study, thereby emphasizing the need for carrying out the research study on hedging expressions. Then, the research objectives and questions will be presented, followed by the significance of the study.
Finally, this chapter ended with the structure and outline of the thesis. 4 Chapter 2: Literature review This chapter reviews the literature in the field of hedging expressions. Firstly, readers will be introduced to definitions of hedging expressions. However, this thesis's three research questions focus on two perspectives of hedging: hedging expressions from a linguistic perspective (lexicon, syntax) and hedging expressions from a functional perspective.
Therefore, in this literature review, the author will present the theoretical basis based on the two arrays mentioned above. Secondly, the classification of hedges will be provided. Thirdly, previous studies into hedging and different discourses will be presented. The review of previous studies will reveal the research gap that this study aims to address.
This chapter provides the theoretical foundation for the findings and discussion. Lastly, the summary of the chapter will be presented. Definition of Hedging Expressions Many authors define hedging expressions from different perspectives, and linguistic and functional perspectives are the two common ones. Firstly, hedge as a linguistic concept was introduced by Lakoff (1972).
He coined the term "hedges" as words whose job is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy. In this concept, hedges were viewed as a reinforcement and mitigation of the asserted claims.