VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYEN THI QUE HUONG LINGUISTIC MEANS TO EXPRESS MODALITY IN OFFERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE - A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS (Phân tích đối chiếu các phương tiện ngôn ngữ thé hiện tinh thái M. Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 HANOI - 2011 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES NGUYEN THI QUE HUONG LINGUISTIC MEANS TO EXPRESS MODALITY IN OFFERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE - A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS (Phân tích đối chiếu các phương tiện ngôn ngữ thé hiện tình thái M. Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Assoc. Nguyén Xuan Thom HANOI - 2011 - lil- ABSTRACT Natural languages offer speakers many and various linguistic devices to facilitate their communication.
That is, these devices are supposed to support the speakers in terms of sharing information together with expressing their emotions and attitudes. It can be said that modality is an important part in communicating activities. This study investigates how speakers of English and Vietnamese express the modal meaning in different offering strategies in terms of linguistic means. It attempts to seek what is the similarities and differences of the modal tools in English and Vietnamese offers.
Finally, the study suggests how teachers of English can help learners with the use of modal markers in the speech act of offering to produce the natural and appropriate utterances. The study starts with providing some theoretical preliminaries, in which the notion of modality and offer with its definition, classification and characteristics is presented. The main part focuses on analysis and comparison of modal linguistic means used in English and Vietnamese offers. Data used in this study are collected from various sources of textbooks, especially English practical textbooks, articles, and stories in English and Vietnamese.
To obtain the main objective of the study which is to show the similarities and differences of the modal tools in the two languages, we take examples in both English and Vietnamese into consideration. Finally, some major findings are pointed out. The results show that in offers, both two languages have three kinds of modal markers, which are lexical markers, grammatical markers, and prosodic markers. However, the usage of the these markers is not the same in English and Vietnamese.
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Aims of the 1. Scope of the Study. Method of the Study 1. Significance Of the Study.
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LH HH TH TH TH HH HH Hệ 35 VAJNY ',). Suggestions for further SfUY.- c1 1111 1 1S 1 TH TH TH ngu 40 3390. Rationale A language is used as a means of social interaction and it expresses various social roles and performs various communicative functions like questioning, requesting, offering or commanding somebody or telling somebody something. Such types of interpersonal functions of language are reflected in various sentence types like declarative, interrogative and imperative and also through the system of modals.
The three choices in the mood system perform various communicative functions like declaring, asking a question, making a request or giving a command. With these sentence types, modal verbs like 'can', may), ‘will’, 'must' help in expressing various social functions such as making a request, seeking permission, expressing rights, obligation and possibility. Sentence types, mood choices and modal verbs are examples of modal markers. Thus, it can be said that modality is directly related to the social functions of language.
The notion of modality as well as linguistic means to express modality has been studied by a lot of scholars so far; however, research on the way of using modal tools in a specific kind of speech act has been limited. Offering is one common type of speech act, which shows consideration towards each other and therefore it can reinforce social relationship. In different countries, or cultures, people make offers in different ways. Modality is closely related to the emotion and attitude of the speaker; therefore, in offering, modal tools are usually used.
When thinking of modality, what appears first in our mind may be the modal verbs, which is a familiar concept. Besides modal verbs, there are many other lexical markers such as modal adverbs, modal adjectives., grammatical markers such as mood and vocative, and prosodic markers. However, the use of linguistic means to express modality in offering is not the same in all languages. English and Vietnamese have their own specific features, which leads to a lot of differences in using language.
For the above reasons, the author would like to choose the topic “Linguistic means to express modality in offers in English and Vietnamese - a contrastive analysis” with the attempt to find out the similarities and differences of the modal tools in English and Vietnamese offers. It’s also hopeful that this minor thesis will be of some help to those who are interested in this aspect of language. Aims of the study. The study aims at : - Exploring the modality markers in making offers in English and Vietnamese.
- Comparing and contrasting the range of modality markers in order to clarify the similarities and differences in the way Vietnamese and English people use linguistic means to express modality in offering in their own language and culture. - Contributing to promoting awareness among foreign language teachers and learners of the mentioned issue. Research Questions In general, with the aims above, the following research questions will be addressed: - What are linguistic means to express modality in offers in English and Vietnamese? - What are the similarities and differences between linguistic means to express modality in offers in English and Vietnamese? 4. Scope of the study The study gives a description and analysis of linguistic means to express modality in offers in terms of (1) lexical markers, (2) grammatical markers, and (3) prosodic markers.
It centers on the similarities and differences in using modality markers in the speech act of offering between English and Vietnamese. The materials on offers in English are taken from some English practical textbooks such as Functions of English, Headway Intermediate, Life Lines, Streamlines, Business Objectives. and examples of offers in Vietnamese are taken from some short stories by Thạch Lam, Nam Cao, Thế Lữ, Nguyễn Huy Thiệp. Method of the study A combination of different methods of analysis will be used in this study.
The first is the descriptive method. English and Vietnamese modal markers used in offering will be described in turns in each kind of offering strategy in order to find out their features. However, the major method utilized in this study is the contrastive analysis between the use of linguistic means to express modality in offering in English and the use of them in Vietnamese. Significance of the study Theoretical significance: This study gives a selected definitions and explanations by linguists related to the notions of modality and speech act of offering.
Through the study, readers can also see the comparison of this topic between English and Vietnamese. Practical significance: This study will provide information that can help teachers and learners of English gain an insight into modality in general and modality in the speech act of offering in specific, which contributes to the teaching and learning English. Organization of the study This study consists of three main parts: PART A: Introduction: This part introduces the rationale, the aims and objectives, the scope, the method, the research questions and the organization of the study. PART B: Development: There are two chapters in this part: Chapter 1 discusses the theoretical background for the study by discussing theory of modality and offering as a speech act Chapter 2 focuses on the linguistic means to express modality in offers in English and Vietnamese.
Besides, it also gives the similarities and differences between them. PART C: Conclusion: This part presents the major findings of the study, the conclusion of the study, implications and suggestions for further study. PART B: DEVELOPMENT Chapter 1: Theoretical background This chapter provides the theoretical background including the notions of modality and the speech act of offering. It consists of two main sections.
The first section reviews the definition, classification of modality and linguistic means to express modality. The second section reviews the issues on speech act of offering such as definition, classification and forms of offers. Definition of modality Research on modality has gone through a long history, appealing to a lot of linguists, philosophers and logicians; however, there is no agreement about the definition of modality yet. It has been difficult to delimit the field of modality and modal research to just a few topics.
Kiefer (1994) holds a philosophical perspective when he talks about modality as "the relativization of the validity of sentence meanings to a set of possible worlds. Talk about possible worlds can thus be construed as talk about the ways in which people could conceive the world to be different". For this reason modality is perceived as a universal linguistic phenomenon despite the different means in which it is realized. Modal logic deals with various propositions which are drawn from human attitudes and experiences from which semantic choices like necessity, possibility, impossibility, available for utterances, are derived.
The method of analysis in modal logic is based on "the proposal that a proposition can be said to be true in one particular (real or imagined) world and false in another" (Perkins 1983, p6). Modality is, thus, interpreted in terms of an event or a proposition and analyzed with respect to the universe in which such events or propositions are thought of as true or false. Lyons (1977) pointed out that modality refers to people’s opinions and attitudes towards propositions expressed with language or circumstances described by propositions. Most of the grammarians deal with modality in terms of modal verbs.
However, modality is not a formal notion, it is a semantic notion. It is "a conceptual category, a type of meaning, or complex of meanings, with various reflexes in language" (Khlebnikova 1976, p3). Modality refers to certain meaning categories like question, assertion, request, ability, wish, permission, possibility, insistence etc. In Palmer’s theory (Mood and Modality, 1986), modality is defined as semantic information associated with the speaker’s attitude or opinion about what is said.