VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN BACH DUONG CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTENDED-SPECTRUM -LACTAMASE PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI IN URBAN WATER ENVIRONMENT IN NORTHERN VIETNAM MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN BACH DUONG CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTENDED-SPECTRUM -LACTAMASE PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI IN URBAN WATER ENVIRONMENT IN NORTHERN VIETNAM MAJOR: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CODE: 8520320.01 RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Associate Prof. IKURO KASUGA Dr. TAKEMURA TAICHIRO Hanoi, 2021 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Doing science research is a long journey that I am so grateful that I have received a great deal of support and assistance over the last 12 months. First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest thank to my supervisor – Associate Professor Kasuga Ikuro for his patient guidance, valuable advice, continuous support and encouragement.
His immense knowledge and varied experience have inspired me a lot during the research life at the graduate school. I would also like to extend my deepest gratitude to my co-supervisor – Dr. Takemura Taichiro for providing me the chance to carry out molecular biology experiments at NIHE-Nagasaki Friendship Laboratory. His insightful suggestions have contributed greatly to this master’s thesis.
I must also thank all the staff at NIHE-Nagasaki Friendship Laboratory, especially My Hanh san, for their guidance and useful advice during the biological experiment. The experiment related to this master thesis would not have been done without the financial support from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) via the project “Development of Integrated Surveillance for Antimicrobial Resistance”. I would like to acknowledge lecturers at the Master’s Program in Environmental Engineering (Vietnam Japan University) for giving constructive criticism to improve the quality of my research. Thanks also go to my classmates, my lab mates, as well as staffs at Vietnam Japan University, with whom I have the pleasure to work while doing the thesis.
Last but not least, my sincere thanks are given to my family, my friends for their profound belief in me. I would not have been able to complete this master thesis without them. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. Antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance.
Molecular genetics of antimicrobial resistance. Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Strategies to control antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance in the water environment.
Wastewater treatment plants – hot spots of AMR. Occurrence of extended-spectrum -lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. Extended-spectrum -lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Extended-spectrum -lactamases.
coli in One Health. coli and ESBL E. coli (cefotaxime-resistant E. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Persistence of ESBL E. coli in oligotrophic water environment. Genotyping of ESBL-encoding genes. RESULT AND DISCUSSION.
Occurrence of ESBL E. Validation of culture method. Occurrence of ESBL E. coli in urban drainage.
Occurrence of ESBL E. coli in river water. Resistance ratios of ESBL E. coli in water environments.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of ESBL E. Genotyping of ESBL-encoding genes in ESBL E. Persistence of ESBL E. coli in oligotrophic water environment.
Removal of ESBL E. coli by wastewater treatment plant. 66 LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Major mechanisms of resistance to antibiotic classes (Opal and Pop-Vicas, 2014).
Classification of cephalosporins (Nguyễn, 2011). Studies on the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli in water environment. Sampling points in Hanoi and Bac Ninh.
MALDI-TOF MS result interpretation. Antibiotic disks used for susceptibility testing. Criteria of susceptibility of E. Primer set for multiplex PCR CTX-M group 1, 2, 9 (Dallenne et al.
Primer mixture CTX-M group 1, 2, 9. PCR mixture for multiplex PCR. Primer set for multiplex PCR CTX-M group 8/25 (Dallenne et al. PCR mixture for monoplex PCR.
Numbers of ESBL E. coli isolates tested and percentages of isolates resistant to at least 4 antibiotics. Genotyping of ESBL E. coli isolated from urban drainage.
Water quality in Hanoi samples. Water quality in Bac Ninh samples. Water quality in extended sampling sites (surface water). Water quality in extended sampling site (WWTP).
75 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Transmission of AMR in One Health approach. Antibiotics and its target sites on bacterial cells. Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria.
lactam ring (i) and its subclasses: (ii) Penicillins, (iii) Cephalosporins, (iv) Carbapenems, and (v) Monocyclic -lactams. Prevalence of healthy people carrying intestinal ESBL E. coli in six WHO regions (Bezabih et al. Global trend on the presence of ESBL E.
coli in the intestine of healthy people (Bezabih et al. Sampling sites in Hanoi and Bac Ninh. coli appears as blue-green colony on TBX agar plate. Bruker MALDI Biotyper (Microflex LT/SH).
Result of species identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Growth of bacteria on the surface of agar plate after overnight incubation (16 hours). Composition of isolates identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Abundance of ESBL E.
coli and total E. coli and resistance ratios in different water samples in Hanoi and Bac Ninh (from Sep 2020 to May 2021). Resistance ratios in different water samples in Hanoi and Bac Ninh. Resistance ratios in upstream and downstream water in Hanoi, Bac Ninh and other Northern provinces.
Antibiotic resistance profile of ESBL E. coli isolated from (i) Hanoi urban drainage; (ii) Bac Ninh urban drainge; (iii) WWTP effluent. Image of gel electrophoresis of blaCTX-M group 1, group 2, and group 9. Result of genotyping blaCTX-M-type ESBL-encoding gene in ESBL E.
Relationship of ESBL-encoding genes and number of antibiotics resistance. Log reduction of ESBL E. coli and non-ESBL E. coli in oligotrophic water with time.
coli and ESBL E. coli in influent and effluent of WWTP. Correlation of log reduction value of E. coli and ESBL E.
coli without disinfection and with disinfection .59 ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABP: Ampicillin (antibiotic) ARB: Antimicrobial resistant bacteria ARGs: Antimicrobial resistance genes AMR: Antimicrobial resistance bla: gene encoding -lactamase bp: base pair CAZ: Ceftazidime (antibiotic) CFN: Cefdinir (antibiotic) CFU: Colony-forming unit CTX: Cefotaxime (antibiotic) CTX-M: Cefotaximase-Munich (-lactamase) CP: Chloramphenicol (antibiotic) CPR: Cefpirome (antibiotic) CLSI: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute E. coli: Escherichia coli ESBL: Extended-spectrum -lactamase HGT: Horizontal gene transfer GES: Guiana extended-spectrum (-lactamase) GM: Gentamycin (antibiotic) iii IPM: Imipenem (antibiotic) IZD: Inhibition zone diameter KM: Kanamycin (antibiotic) LVX: Levofloxacin (antibiotic) LRV: Log reduction value MDR: Multidrug resistance MPM: Meropenem (antibiotic) OXA: Oxacillin-hydrolyzing (-lactamase) PCR: Polymerase chain reaction SHV: Sulfhydryl-variable (-lactamase) ST: Sulfamethoxazole +Trimethoprim (antibiotic) TEM: Temoneira (-lactamase) TC: Tetracycline VEB: Vietnamese extended-spectrum -lactamase WHO: World Health Organization WWTP: Wastewater treatment plant iv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – the ability of bacteria to fight against the antimicrobial medicines – is listed as one of ten global health issues that urgently needs tracking in 2021 (WHO, 2020). The global emergence and spread of AMR drives human to face the lack of available effective treatment for the infection caused by AMR bacteria.
AMR is so serious that it is predicted to bring about 10 million deaths in 2050 (O’Neill, 2014). AMR will continue remaining as a key challenge to human health in the years ahead. To deal with AMR challenge, the United Nations (UN) has encouraged the application of the holistic approach – One Health. This approach involved the collaborative work among specialized agencies working with the heath of human, animal, and environment.
Environment, especially the water environment, plays an important role in the emergence and transmission of AMR since it is not only a reservoir of AMR discharge from human and animal, but also a supply of water for agricultural irrigation, and recreational activities (see in Figure 1.1 also indicates that wastewater treatment is a factor in discharging of AMR into the environment. According to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, only 13% of wastewater in Vietnam is treated while the remaining 87% is disposed directly into the environment (Bộ Tài nguyên và Môi trường, 2018). Since AMR is a One Health problem, a multisectoral surveillance system, which is a powerful tool to provide the whole picture of AMR, is needed. However, such surveillance is still lacking.
To tackle this problem, the World Health Organization (WHO) has developed the Tricycle protocol for surveillance of a single bacteria that possesses a specific resistant mechanism, which is extended-spectrum -lactamase- producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. The name “Tricyle” implies the idea that the data of ESBL E. coli will be collected in three sectors: human, food chain (animal), and the environment. coli does not represent the overall situation of AMR in the world since there still exists several infectious microorganisms and other 1 resistant traits.
coli were selected as the target of the surveillance protocol based on the following reasons (World Health Organization, 2021): (i) Existence of great variation in the rate of ESBL E. coli colonization in humans and among countries, as well as the prevalence over time (ii) Existence of ESBL E. coli among farm animals (iii) Existence of proof that some of human deaths that are linked to ESBL E. coli caused by either antibiotic use in food production or by ESBL E.
coli in the environment (iv) Interventions that aim to decrease antibiotics use or exposure in human and animals have been accompanied with the decline in in ESBL E. coli occurrence rates (v) ESBL production is an important resistant mechanism that makes critically important antimicrobials ineffective. Transmission of AMR in One Health approach The research on ESBL E. coli in Vietnam to date has tended to focus on the occurrence in human and animal rather than in the water environment.
Only 2 papers reported the occurrence of ESBL E. coli in the pig farm and slaughterhouse 2 wastewater in Vietnam (Hinenoya et al., 2018) (Nguyen et al. However, these papers have been limited to the small number of ESBL E. Thus, the occurrence of ESBL in the water environment in Vietnam remains unclear.
This thesis research in Environmental Engineering aims to unravel the characteristics of extended-spectrum -lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) in urban water environment in Northern Vietnam in line with WHO Tricycle Project which will help to address the research gap. Hereafter, cefotaxime-resistant E. coli were regarded as ESBL E.
coli in this study. Specifically, the research is expected to: (i) Determine the characteristics of ESBL E. coli in different urban water environment in Northern Vietnam, (ii) Evaluate the role of wastewater treatment plant to reduce ESBL E. coli discharge into the water environment.
Antimicrobials and antimicrobial resistance Antimicrobials, which are commonly called as antibiotics, are the effective therapy for treatment of bacterial infections by killing or slowing down the growth of the bacteria. Antibiotics are classified based on their action on the site of bacterial cell. The main sites of target of these agents are the synthesis or the activity of one of the following components of bacterial cell: cell wall, cell membrane, ribosome and nucleic acid (Sauberan and Bradley, 2018). The target of each antibiotic is shown in Figure 2.
Antibiotics and its target sites on bacterial cells The discovery of antibiotics in early 20th century was a milestone in the history of human. Since then, antibiotics have saved countless lives from several bacterial infections. The magic of this invention, however, did not last long, as the bacteria 4 rapidly developed the resistance to these drugs, which is called as “antimicrobial resistance” (AMR). AMR is the ability of bacteria to survive under the use of antibiotics.
While susceptible strains are killed by the antibiotics, resistant bacteria can grow without any competition. Although development of resistance in bacteria is a natural selection process, it is accelerated by misuse and overuse of antibiotics in human and food animal production. In fact, the rate of emergence of AMR is faster than the rate of new antibiotics is developed. Since the 1980s the rate of discovery new antibiotics has fallen dramatically (O’Neill, 2016).
In other words, humans are facing the lack of available treatment due to the prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial infections. Doctors now have to prescribe antibiotics that is used to be avoided due to its bad side effects (O’Neill, 2016).