VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOT UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES POST — GRADUATE FACULTY k*ww*** NGUYÊN THỊ THỦY TIÊN AN INVESTIGATION INTO IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING NUMBERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE M. Minor Thesis Field : English Linguistics Field code : 60 22 15 Ha Noi — 2011 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES POST — GRADUATE FACULTY %*ww***% NGUYÊN THỊ THỦY TIÊN AN INVESTIGATION INTO IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS CONTAINING NUMBERS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE M. Minor Thesis Field : English Linguistics Field code : 60 22 15 Supervisor: Dr. Hà Cam Tâm Ha Noi — 2011 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CANDIDATE’S STATEMENT.-- Ác THHưệt ii ABSTRACT.
5 111 HH Hà ngàniii TABLE OF CONTEINT.--- << + S22 2 E323 1 1v KH gang iv LIST OF TABLES. -- << 5E 2 E111 101190 1 HH ng vi PART A: INTRODUCTION Rationale of the study. eee nen ng eet nh nh nh nh Hy hy rhy 1 Aims Of the Study. (2c 222229 201 1S 1S ng ng ng nh kh kg2 SYwkNe Scope of the S{Udy.
SH SH nh nọ nọ nh nh nh ĐH nà nà nà nà cà 2 Methods of the study. nọ SH SH HH HT nh ng nh ke nà nà tà rà 2 Design of the study. nee nen ng SH SH SH nh TH KĐT kh kg 3 PARTB: DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 015. eee ee ea eeeeeeeeeeeneeeeneneeeeneeaeneeseneeeeneneeeneeaees 6 1.
Definition of idioMS. 2202211 ng ST nh ng nà hay 7 1. Characteristics Of 1diOMS .- c2 2221222 nh Hy kg 8 1. Classification of idiOMS.
c2 2n SE nh ng 9 1. Idioms and prOVerbs.--‹ c2 2n SH ng nh nh nh xa 11 1. Idioms and collocations. Idiom and 'dead' metaphor.
BS nh vn ky 13 1. Number in English and Vietnamese. Review of previous studies on 1đIOIS.-- c2 16 CHAPTER 2: THE STUDY 2.cccc nee eee ence HS ng SH nh nh nh vệ 18 2. Ideational, interpersonal and relational numerical idioms in English and ViCtNAMESE.
ccc een ene nen nen -. nent nena ee ee neta te 20 2. The frequency of appearance of numbers in English and Vietnamese 001100.//((âê-iŸ-ŸỶŸ44g. The connotative meanings of numbers in English and Vietnamese PART C: CONCLUSION 1.
ccc cece cece cece eee ene nnn nen EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE GEE EEE EEE 33 OAR V0 01 0)vo ccc 33 3. Suggestions for further studles. eee ee eee SH nh kh nh se 34 REEFERENCES.QQQQQQQQ ene ence eee ene ene eenaeneeneeneed 35 APPENDICES VỊ LIST OF TABLES Table Names of table Page Table 1 Types of numerical idioms in English and Vietnamese by 20 Fernando’s model Table 2 The frequency of appearance of numbers in English idioms 24 Table 3 The frequency of appearance of numbers in Vietnamese idioms | 26 Table 4 The connotative meanings of numbers in English and 29 Vietnamese idioms by Spangler and Werner’s model PARTA INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale of the study English has been a very important international means of communication in almost fields of life such as economy, politics, culture and education.
English bridges people over the world together. Consequently, the mastering of English has been the desire of modern people who wish to join the international community in order to broaden their knowledge, promote in their career and have wider net of relationship. Having the desire of becoming a member of international community in many fields to develop aspects of life, Vietnam is clearly aware of the importance of English as an international communicative means. Learning and teaching English have been drawing a lot of attention of the whole Vietnam society.
English has been an official and compulsory subject in education curriculum. Vietnamese people wish to have a good command of English so that they can have the key to the open world. The mastering of English is not an easy matter because it requires a large number of linguistic issues such as grammar and pronunciation to have effective communicative activities. Among these issues, vocabulary plays a vital role due to its meaning creating.
In fact, teaching and learning vocabulary are always emphasized. In vocabulary teaching and learning, idiom is an issue with which English learners and teachers are concerned because idioms are frequently used to make conversations more natural, interesting and concise in daily communicative activities. Thus, the effective use of idioms is a necessary requirement for any language learners who have desire to master it. Numbers which are very common in our daily life and have certain cultural characteristics also appear in idioms.
Idiomatic expressions containing numbers bring about interesting diverse meanings to our utterances and writings. Moreover, personally, I myself am extremely interested in idiomatic expressions containing numbers. In daily life of Vietnamese and English, I see that numbers have certain significance. People admire some numbers and vice versa.
All of those are factors that give me the inspirations to choose this topic. Aims of the study The study is to explore the role of numbers in creating the meanings of idioms in English and Vietnamese. Based on that, a brief comparison between idioms in English and Vietnamese is carried out to find out the similarities and differences in the contribution of numbers to their meanings. In summary, this study is aimed at: e To explore the roles of numbers in the meanings of idioms in English and Vietnamese.
e To find out the similarities and differences in the contribution of numbers to the meanings of idioms in English and Vietnamese. In order to achieve these aims, the following question should be answered: e What are senses do numbers contribute to the meanings of idioms in English and Vietnamese? 3. Scope of the study Because of the limitation of time, material resources, my knowledge and academic ability, this study is only focused on the senses of numbers contribute to the meanings of idioms. Specific speaking, the study is focused on revealing what types of English and Vietnamese idioms numbers appear in and their connotative meanings in these idioms.
That is the foundation for a brief comparison between the contribution of numbers to the meanings of idioms in English and Vietnamese. Methods of the study In order to achieve those above-mentioned aims, the study employs both quantitative and qualitative methods. By virtue of quantitative method, data have been collected from, literary works, books of idioms and semantics and newspapers, websites and dictionaries in both English and Vietnamese. The qualitative method is adopted to interpret the collected data.
Design of the study The study is consisted of three parts: The first part is Part A “INTRODUCTION”. This part provides a brief account of issues which are rationale, aims, scope, methods, and design of the study. The second part is Part B “DEVELOPMENT”. This part is consisted of two chapters.
Chapter 1, theoretical background, provides the theoretical information about meanings, sense, idioms, brief information about numbers in English and Vietnamese and the review of previous studies on idioms. Chapter 2 is concerned with research question, data collection, analysis framework, data analysis. The last part, Part C, “CONCLUSION”, summaries the major findings of the study, provides implications and suggestions for further studies. PARTB DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND This chapter has provided the theoretical framework for the following analysis of numerical idioms in the main chapter.
In this chapter, theoretical background is consisted of matters related to meaning; senses; idioms (the definition, the classification, the characteristics; the distinguishing between idioms and proverbs, idioms and collocations, idioms and dead metaphors); brief introductions about numbers in English and Vietnamese and the brief review of previous researches about idioms. Meaning Lyons (1997:1) said, “Semantics is generally defined as the study of meaning, and this is the definition which we shall initially adopt”. Thus core issue in the field of semantics is the meaning. In Understanding English Semantics by Dr.
Nguyen Hoa (2004), the definition of meaning is explained as follow: “According to C. Ogden and IA. Richards (1923) in “The meaning of meaning”, a number of meanings can be associated with this term”: e An intrinsic property e The other words annexed to a word in a dictionary e The connotation of a word e The place of anything in a system e That to which the user of symbol ought to be referring e That to which the interpreter of a symbol - refers - believes himself to be referring - believes the user to be referring In terms of meaning classification, Hoa, Nguyen (2004: 51-54) divided meaning into seven types with different functions in communication. In this study the writer concerns only connotative meaning because the study is aimed at revealing the significance of numbers in numerical idioms.
Specific speaking, because numbers can be lucky or unlucky numbers in daily life, the study has the desire to explore the role of numbers in creating positive, negative, and neutral meanings for idioms to assess whether they are lucky numbers in idioms or not. Spangler and Werner (1989:50) states that one can have three main attitudes: positive (favourable), neutral (impartial), or negative (unfavourable). They provide the following example of a table containing the same characteristics of a woman described in three different ways depending on the attitude the writer has (ie. words with positive, neutral and negative connotation): Positive Neutral Negative lady woman dame pleasingly plump overweight fat jolly, entertaining a sense of humor silly, dizzy highlights her assets wears makeup paints her face confident, friendly outgoing domineering brilliant, clever intelligent know-it-all Leech (1974:23) defines that “connotative meaning is the communicative value of an expression according to what is referred to, exceeds the above contents that are purely concepfual”.
Keith Alan, (2001:147) states “the connotations that arise from encyclopedic knowledge about its denotation and also from experiences, beliefs, and prejudices about the contexts in which the expression is typically used.” For example, the word BOY has the connotation ‘STRONG’ — positive meaning and LION the connotation ‘CRUEL’ — negative meaning. Siregar (2005) claims that there are two kinds of meaning in semantics: Linguistic meaning and Speaker meaning. Linguistic meaning is determined by the meaning of its constituents and their grammatical relations. For example: - Be careful of a sharp bend in the road.
- Please don’t bend this paper Speaker meaning is what a speaker means in producing an utterance. It consists of literal meaning and non-literal meaning. Literal meaning does not make hearers have difficulty understanding what the speaker means. However, we mean something different from what our words mean by speaking non-literally.
In that case, it is called non-literal meaning. Using idioms is a way of using non-literal meaning because the meaning of an idiomatic expression cannot be predicted either lexically or grammatically. This study is concerned with idioms so non-literal meaning is focused on. Sense According to Hoa, Nguyen (2004), sense is a philosophical term for meaning.
Sense is the realization of meaning in speech. Sense relationship is also an important of the study of language because a word does not only have meaning but also contribute to the meaning of a larger unit, a phrase, a clause, a sentence. For example, the senses of the word “library” in the two sentences are different: - He has a quite large library. (a collection of books) - The library is at the end of this street.
Hoa, Nguyen (2004) suggests that there are two kinds of sense relation. They are substitutional and combinational which correspond to the two Saussurean terms of paradigmatic and syntagmatic. Substitutional relations exist between members of the same grammatical category and syntagmatic relations hold between items of different grammatical categories. For example: The | book was bought yesterday.
car pen - Substitutional relation is the relation among “book, car, pen”. They can replace each other and belong to word class “noun”. Grammatical relation is the relation among “ the, book, was, bought, yesterday” which are different grammatical categories.