TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DRESDEN VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE Vienglasy Mangnomek INVESTIGATION ON A COMBINATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PULP AND PAPER MILL WASTEWATER IN VIENTIANE MASTER THESIS Hanoi, November 2011 i z TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DRESDEN VNU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE Vienglasy Mangnomek INVESTIGATION ON A COMBINATION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL METHODS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PULP AND PAPER MILL WASTEWATER IN VIENTIANE Major: Waste Management and Contaminated Site Treatment MASTER THESIS SUPERVISOR: ASSOC. BUI DUY CAM ASSOC. DO QUANG TRUNG Hanoi, November 2011 ii z Table of contents Abbreviations. iv List of tables.
v List of figures .Status of environmental management in Vientiane. Introduction of Vientiane. Environmental issues in Vientiane. Situation of pulp and paper mill in Vientiane.
The pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment technologies. Pulp and paper mill production. Sources of pollution in the production of pulp and paper mill. Some methods commonly using to treat with the wastewater.
Equipment and Chemicals…………………. Analitycal methods in the study. Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand. Determination of Biochemical Oxygen Demand……………………….
Analysis of Ammonia content. Analysis of Nitrite and Nitrate. Procedure for the determination of Phosphate. Preparation of Pulp and paper mill samples.
Physicochemical method for the pretreatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater……………………………………………………………………… 35 2. Coagulation experiments for sample 1 and 2. Reduce of COD value by pH change for sample 3. Removal of COD in pulp and paper mill wastewater by combinated Aerobic and Anaerobic circulatory System ……………………………………………….
Material filling in column. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Pretreatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater by physicochemical methods39 3. Coagulation experiments for sample 1 and 2.
Effect of the pH and PAC doseage to the reduction of COD in sample 3. Investigation of the biological treatment with activated sludge. Effect of retention time on COD removal for sample 1. Effect of retention time on COD removal for sample 2………………….
Effect of retention time on COD removal for sample 3 …………. Primary investigation on the treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater by the combination of circulatory aerobic and anaerobic system. The reduction of COD. The change of Ammonia.
The change of Nitrite. The change of Nitrate……………………………………………………. The change of Phosphrus. A proposed model for pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment for Vientaine factories .55 v z Abbreviations AC Anaerobic Contact process AF Anaerobic Filter AOX Adsorbable organic halogens BOD Biological Oxygen Demand COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CSOCA&A Circulatory system of combination of Aerobic and Anaerobic DO Dissolved Oxygen MLSS Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids PAC Poly Aluminum Chloride TSS Total suspended solids vi z List of tables Table 1.
Wastewater Quality in Vientiane Capital Jan-Dec 2000[2]…………. Industrial Growth in Lao PDR [2]………………………………….Pollutants in the wastewater in the factory’s ponds[8]…………………. Typical efficiencies of aerobic systems [9]……………………………. Anaerobic degradability of pulp and paper mill wastewater[19]….
Data of standard curve. Data of ammonia standard curve………………………………………. Data of nitrite standard curve making…………………………………. Data of nitrate standard curve……………………………………….
Data of phosphorus standard curve…………………………………. Effect of PAC dosage to COD reduction for sample 1……………. Effection of coagulant PAC to COD removal ……………………. Effection of pH changed to COD removal……………………………44 Table 14.
Effection of coagulant PAC to COD removal ………………………. Data of effection of aerobic to COD removal ………………………. Data of effection of aerobic to COD removal…………………………47 Table 17. Data of effection of aerobic to COD removal…………………………48 Table 18.
Data of effection of CSOCA&A to COD removal……………………. Data of effection of CSOCA&A to NH4+ due to times………………. Data of effection of CSOCA&A to NO22- due to times………………. Data of effection of CSOCA&A to Nitrate due to times………………52 vii z Table 22.
Data of effection of CSOCA&A to Phosphorus due to times……….53 List of figures Figure 1. Map of Lao PDR…………………………………………………. Source flowchart from the production line in KPS paper mill in Laos [8]…………………………………………………………………. Process description for pulp and paper mill factory[10]………….
Pollutants from various sources of pulping and papermaking [11]……………………………………………………………………………. Diagram of Flocculate w11…………………………………………. Diagram of Aerobic system W11………………………………………27 Fignure 7. COD standard curve.
Ammonia standard curve……………………………………. Nitrite standard curve………………………………………………. Nitrate standard curve…………………………………………. Phosphorus standard curve……………………….
Diagram of combining Anaerobic and Aerobic system………….38 Figure 13 : Surface of porous material…………………………………………. Membrane of porous material after three times circularly pumping water containing nutrient………………………………………………………. Diagram of effection of PAC dosage to COD removal………….…38 Figure 17 Diagram of effection of coagulant PAC to COD removal……………. Diagram of effection of pH changed to COD removal….
Diagram of effection of coagulant PAC to COD removal…………. Diagram of effection of aerobic to COD removal……………. Diagram of effection of aerobic to COD removal………………. Diagram of effection of aerobic to COD removal……………….
Diagram of effection of aerobic to COD…………………………. Diagram of effection of aerobic to Ammonia…………………. Diagram of effection of aerobic to Nitrite…………………………. Diagram of effection of aerobic to Nitrate……………………………51 Figure 27.
Diagram of effection of aerobic to Phosphrus…………………….…51 Figure 28 : A purposed model wastewater treatment process using activated sludge……………………………………………………………………. 54 ix z Abstract Lao PDR is a country rich in natural resources and its water resources are vital in providing the basic needs for its people, socio-economic development of the country. The scale and extent of environment problems in the urban areas of Vientiane is relatively small compared to other cities in the region due to its relatively small size and population, low population density, and relatively low level of industrial activity. However, there are some water pollution problems in major urban areas caused by various water uses by communities (households, hotels, hospitals and entertainment centers).
In addition, the actions of the agricultural and industrial sectors have resulted in water pollution, including mineral exploitation, pulp and paper mills factories and hydropower generation. Therefore, in accordance with the Millennium Development Goals, the government set targets in order to improve the local people’s access to safe drinking water by the years 2015. For in Vientiane is one looking for manage methods for treatment wastewater discharges. In this study, the situation of environmental pollution in Vientiane in general and from the pulp and paper mill wastewater in particularly was evaluated.
These are recognized that the environmental issues in Vientiane having problem. The wastewater samples were collected from pulp and paper mill factories in Laos and Vietnam for the experiments in laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science. The physicochemical and biological methods for the treatment of wastewater were investigated. The results shown that, the pulp and paper mill wastewater can be pretreated by the reduction of pH with dilute H2SO4 acid at pH = 3; and by the coagulation with poly aluminum chloride (PAC).
The COD removal from 74.21% of sample 1 and 62. Then the wastewater samples can be treated by using combined aerobic and anaerobic system with efficiency of COD removal 94.99% of anaerobic and 90% for aerobic x z alone the reduction of the COD. For the wastewater sample 2 (taken from tissues paper factory in Vientiane), the coagulation and follwing by biological treatment with activated sludge are suitable methods. Acknowledgement The time of doing thesis in HUS is very special to me.
It is the time for to harvest my knowledge and to meet interesting Vietnamese friends. Thank you for accepting the long hours, weekends and holidays I have spent working, for taking good care of me during this time and for pushing just hard enough to make sure I finally completed my thesis. I would like to express my utmost appreciation and thanks to Prof. Bui Duy Cam and Assoc.
Do Quang Trung for them valuable guidance, endurance, encouragement and support throughout this research. Several people have given me assistance with the work in this thesis. Mai Xuan Thang and the late Mrs. Hoang Thu Trang for assistance in the laboratory, and for assistance with the experimental set up.
Special thanks are extending to Prof. Bernd Bilitewski, Prof. Nguyen Thi Diem Trang for your role in this circumstance. Finally, the generous financial support by the DAAD.
Also the support of the Hanoi University of Science and Dresden University of Technology is acknowledged. xi z Introduction Water are vital element for both of demand’s people and socio-economic development of the country. As the population has grown, demand is also incresed and has had to travel further in search of good quality water, marginal and polluted sources have started being tapped. Therefore, investigation of the water quality in Vientaine is very important because Laos is one of developing country looking for the suitable system for wastewater treatment.
The amount and characteristics of the pulp and paper mill wastewater depend highly on raw materials and processing conditions. The pulp and paper mill wastewater may cause oxygen deficiency, acute or chronic toxicity, mutagenicity in recipient water bodies. In some countries the discharge standands for pulp and paper mills include conventional biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solide also nutrients and organochlorine compounds expressed as adsorbable organic halide (AOX). There are number of technique to reduce the discharged pulp and paper mill wastewater.
The mechanical treatment method with primary clarifies is usually applied to remove the wastewater solids and the organic load while dissolved organics are removed in aerated lagoons and/or activated sludge system, the most commonly applied biological processes. However, these processes are expensive and none is consider to be economically viable when this is done as standard process. Biological method have been found to be more effective and eco-friendly since they are capable of degrading not only lignin but also chloro-oganics contributing to AOX. In my study, the overview of the wastewater treatment technologies for pulp and paper mill factories are conducted for the purpose of applying to Laos and both methods of chemical and biological ones are investigated for the treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater in Vientiane.
The real samples from Laos, Vietnam pulp and paper mill wastewater have been tested. Status of environmental management in Vientiane 1. Introduction of Vientiane The Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) is near to Myanmar, Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China , Thailand, and Viet Nam. The total land area of the country is 236,800 square kilometers (km2) with a largely mountainous xii z topography.
The capital, Vientiane (See picture 1 - Map of Lao PDR), however lies on a plain. The country is bordered on the west by the Mekong River, making the river an important artery for transportation, communications, and trade with other countries sharing tributaries of the Mekong River. Set in the heart of Vientiane, Laos from the north latitude 17 45'50 - 22'38 18 09'37 5'40 and 102 - 103 east longitude and the natural area 3. Vientiane is the 9 District: Chanthabuly, Sikottabong, Xaysettha, Sisattanak, Naxaythong, Saythany, Hatsaiphong, Saengthong Phakngum area and population density level of economic development of each district is different.
Entire Vientiane has 500 villages, of which urban area accounts for 76% of villages, rural areas account for only 24%. Population Vientiane has highest level of culture, a spirit of hard-working, patriotic tradition and unyielding will to revolution [1]. Map of Lao PDR Lao PDR is a rich country in natural resources and its water resources are vital in providing the basic needs for its people, for socio-economic development of the country and for the ecological systems. The availability of water resources has created favourable conditions for the Laos and for the socio-economic development of the country, but it is essential that the country protects and manages water and water resources in a sustainable way.
Despite this a scarcity of water for both drinking and irrigation purposes is common in some provinces particularly in remote areas. As the population has grown, and has had to travel further in search of good quality water, marginal and polluted sources have started being tapped. The major surface water resources are from rivers, streams and via xiii z gravity fed systems and through the protection of spring water.