TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA HÀ NỘI LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ Research on the degradation of CIP residues in RO treated wastewater by AOP processes using different oxidation agents Phan Thi Huong Quynh Ngành Kỹ thuật hóa học Giảng viên hướng dẫn: GVC. Nguyễn Minh Tân Viện: Kỹ thuật Hóa học Hà Nội, 2022 ACKNOWLEDGMENT It is the most challenging part of my thesis; I have many things that I desire to say, and I also have many people to whom I want to express my gratitude. According to this, I am lost in words and do not know where to start. To begin with, when I began doing this study two years ago, I did not think that it had lasted so long.
After a long battle, this thesis is the report of my challenging process; although it can not illustrate all the time that I snuggled with experiments in the laboratory, my disappointment when failing in doing research, and my joy when seeing the results. Firstly, I would like to thank Assoc. Nguyen Minh Tan from Hanoi University of Science and Technology guided me throughout the working process, provided all the equipment, and created conditions for me to develop and complete this thesis. Secondly, I thank the School of Chemical Engineering for understanding and giving me more time to complete this project.
I would like to give my sincere thanks and deep gratitude to my parents because they have always supported me on my scientific path and have always cheered me on when I thought I would give up. Nguyen Thi Thu Trang, Institute of Environmental Technology – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, who has always been patient with me, I do not know what words I can use to show my happiness because I receive a lot of help from her. Big thanks to MSc. Pham Duc Chinh from INAPRO for all the scientific inputs and lab support; he had a vital role in my scientific path; I was greatly influenced by his scientific style and worked much harder words of encouragement.
Finally, to the students at INAPRO, I want to send a special thanks from my heart; if I do not have your help, I cannot complete all the experiments in this research. Phan Thi Huong Quynh Hanoi, 2021 i DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP I now declare that I have written the presented research thesis myself and have not used tools other than those specified. The use of references in the project has been clearly stated in the references section. The research team and I make the data and results presented in this project, and it is completely honest.
Furthermore, I certify that this research thesis or any part thereof has not been submitted for a degree or any other degree at any educational institution in Vietnam or abroad. Hanoi, June 2022 Phan Thi Huong Quynh ii ABSTRACT The treatment of traces of pharmaceuticals residual, especially antibiotics residual, is a challenge for existing water treatment technologies. A recently selected solution to overcome this obstacle is the application of advanced oxidation processes. In this study, experiments were performed to evaluate the efficiency of CIP degradation by direct photolysis, UV/ TiO2, UV/ H2O2, and UV/ TiO2/ H2O2.
The survey showed that a CIP concentration of 5mg/L is the most suitable for research. The AOPs all handle CIP best when Re = 6546 and UV density at 225 W/m2. UV/ H2O2 system best cures CIP after 60 minutes; efficiency is about 99,16% at optimum working conditions. Meanwhile, direct photolysis is less efficient when treating CIP; the best efficiency is only 11,64 % after one hour of decomposition.
The UV/ TiO2 system achieved an efficiency of 74,4%. However, if TiO2 and H2O2 are combined at low concentrations, the process efficiency can be 93,21%. CIP decomposes best in neutral media. For the water matrix, the treatment of CIP in tap water is less effective than in RO and distilled water.
Keywords: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), treatment, titanium dioxide, hydrogen peroxide iii TÓM TẮT Việc xử dư lượng dược phẩm trong nước thải, đặc biệt là thuốc kháng sinh, là một thách thức đối với các công nghệ xử lý nước hiện có. Một giải pháp được lựa chọn gần đây để khắc phục trở ngại này là áp dụng các quá trình oxy hóa tiên tiến. Trong nghiên cứu này, các thí nghiệm đã được thực hiện để đánh giá hiệu quả của quá trình phân hủy CIP bằng phương pháp quang phân trực tiếp, UV / TiO2, UV / H2O2 và UV / TiO2 / H2O2. Cuộc khảo sát cho thấy nồng độ CIP 5,0 mg/ L là thích hợp nhất để nghiên cứu.
Các quá trình AOPs ứng dụng đều xử lý CIP tốt nhất khi Re = 6546 và mật độ UV ở 225 W/ m2. Hệ thống UV / H2O2 xử lý CIP tốt nhất sau 60 phút; hiệu suất đạt khoảng 99,16% ở điều kiện làm việc tối ưu. Trong khi đó, quang phân trực tiếp kém hiệu quả hơn khi xử lý CIP; hiệu suất tốt nhất chỉ sau một giờ phân hủy là 11,64%. Quá trình UV / TiO2 đạt hiệu suất 74,4%.
Tuy nhiên, nếu kết hợp TiO2 và H2O2 ở nồng độ thấp thì hiệu suất của quá trình có thể đạt 93,21%. Bên cạnh đó, CIP phân hủy tốt nhất trong môi trường pH trung tính. Đối với nền nước, việc xử lý CIP trong nước máy kém hiệu quả hơn trong RO và nước cất. Quá trình UV / H2O2 tiêu thụ năng lượng ít nhất, trong khi quá trình UV/ TiO2/ H2O2 tiêu thụ năng lượng không đáng kể.
UV/ TiO2 là quá trình có giá trị EE/ O cao nhất. Keywords: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), treatment, titanium dioxide, hydrogen peroxide iv Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENT. i DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP. iv TABLE OF FIGURES.
viii TABLE OF TABLES. x ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS. Pharmaceuticals in the environment. Ciprofloxacin in Environment.
Risks to the Environment and Humans. Potential treatment techniques. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Overview. The superiority of Advanced oxidation processes.
Classification of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Characterization of typical advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Typical processes. UV direct photolysis.
The H2O2/UV process. The UV/TiO2/H2O2 process. Current uses and challenging of AOPs. Research objective and research approach.
27 CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS. The reaction system. UV-Vis Spectroscopy. Measuring Sample Absorbance.
CIP Concentration Standard Line. CIP decomposition efficiency. Determination of kinetic constants of CIP degradation reaction. Data processing methods .37 CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE.
Experimental instruments and equipment. CIP's calibration curve process. Determine the effect of initial CIP concentration. Investigate factors affecting CIP degradation in water.
Effect of UV photolysis on the degradation of CIP. Effect of UV intensity on the degradation of ciprofloxacin. Effect of TiO2 concentration on CIP degradation. Effect of H2O2 concentration on CIP degradation.
Effect of TiO2 combined with H2O2 on CIP degradation. Effect of pH on the degradation of CIP. Water matrix effects on CIP degradation. 44 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.
Influence of technological parameters on CIP treatment by AOPs. Effect of initial CIP concentration. Effect of UV intensity. Effect of UV process and TiO2 concentration on CIP degradation.
Effect of H2O2 concentration on CIP degradation. Effect of hydrodynamic conditions on CIP treatment efficiency. Effect of TiO2 combined with H2O2 on CIP degradation. Effect of pH on the degradation of CIP.
Water matrix effects on CIP degradation. Kinetics of advanced oxidation processes of CIP treatment and Energy consumption. Kinetics of advanced oxidation processes of CIP treatment. 67 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK.
72 APPENDIX A - CIP's calibration curve. 80 APPENDIX B - List of published works. 81 vii TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1. Pharmaceuticals' main pathways for entering the environment [12].
Chemical structure of ciprofloxacin. The structural formula of ciprofloxacin. Four levels of degradation of Advanced oxidation processes [52]. Classification of Advanced Oxidation Processes.
Molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide decomposition. Molecular structure of Titanium dioxide. Crystal structure of TiO2.
Five Steps in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Process. Band positions of selected semiconductor photocatalysts and redox potentials [68]. The UV/TiO2/H2O2 mechanism. The water purification system of Panasonic.
Ciprofloxacin used in this research; a: Ciprofloxacin Kabi 200mg/100ml; b: Ciprofloxacin ≥ 98%. Experimental system; (a) diagram, (b) set-up system. A diagram showing the major components of a UV-Vis spectrophotometer [81]. Diagram of a cuvette-based UV-Vis spectroscopy system [81].
Perkin Eimer Lambda35 UV/Vis Spectrometer. Chemicals used in this study. UV Spectrum of CIP; (a) standard solution; (b) CIP Kabi. Direct photolysis experimental procedure.
Effect of initial CIP concentration, direct photolysis process, no pH adjustment, Re = 6546. The CIP degradation efficiency after 45 min with [CIP]0 varied from 1 to 20 mg/L; UV-only process. Effect of UV intensity on CIP treatment efficiency. The influence of TiO2 concentration on CIP degradation; (A) Re = 2000; (B) Re = 6546; (C) Re = 8560.
Effect of H2O2 concentration on CIP degradation; (A) Re =2000; (B) Re =6546; (C) Re = 8650. Effect of hydrodynamic conditions on CIP treatment efficiency. Major steps in solid-liquid heterogeneous photocatalysis [84]. CIP degradation when treated with UV/ TiO2/ H2O2.
The efficiency of CIP treatment by UV/ TiO2/ H2O2 process at different pH values. Ciprofloxacin ionized species [91]. The degradation rate constants of CIP at various pH values. CIP degradation by different AOPs and aqueous media.
(A) Decomposition of CIP in 3 aqueous media by UV/ TiO2 process.; (B) Decomposition of CIP in 3 aqueous media by UV/ TiO2/ H2O2 process; (C) Decomposition of CIP in 3 aqueous media by UV/ H2O2 process; (D) The efficiency of AOPs when treating CIP in the water matrix. Compare different AOPs when treating CIP. The rate constants (kapp) and efficiency coefficients (R2) of CIP- degrading AOPs in the study. 66 ix TABLE OF TABLES Table 1.
Potential Treatment Methods. Oxidation Potential of Common Chemical Oxidants. Features of typical advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). General characteristics of advanced oxidation processes AOPs.
Ciprofloxacin Kabi 200mg/100ml. Ciprofloxacin ≥ 98%, Sigma-Aldrich Specification. Characteristic data of TiO2 Merck. The physical properties of H2O2 30%.
Strengths and limitations of UV-Vis spectroscopy. List of chemicals used. List of devices. TiO2 and H2O2 concentrations.
Kinetic parameters for the degradation of CIP with different initial CIP concentration. CIP degradation reaction efficiency at different TiO2 concentrations and flow rates. CIP degradation efficiency by UV/H2O2 processes. The efficiency of CIP degradation reaction by UV/TiO2/H2O2 processes.
Reaction efficiency of various advanced oxidation processes under CIP treatment. Kinetic parameters for the degradation of CIP. Summary of energy consumption of various AOPs for CIP degradation. 68 x ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS CIP Ciprofloxacin AOPs Advanced oxidation processes ABs Antibiotics WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant EU European Union RO Reverse Osmosis UV Ultraviolet xi INTRODUCTION Currently, many studies have shown that plenty of chemicals has caused immediate or long-term negative impacts on ecosystems, especially human health, that have not been classified as contamination substances in the past, for example, antibiotics, organometallic complexes,.
Hence, the term "emerging pollutants" was coined to describe pollutants that are not "new" chemically or biologically yet present in the environment. However, no attention has been paid to, surveyed, or researched eradication methods. Among all types of pollutants, a gaggle of recalcitrant compounds is formed by antibiotics (ABs), discharged into the wastewater in large quantities from industrial activities, or excreted by humans or animals. The accumulation of ABs within the environment risks aquatic flora and fauna and causes resistance in some bacterial strains.