MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TRINH THI THANH TAM A COGNITIVE STUDY OF METAPHORS USED IN EMILY DICKINSON’S POEMS MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH Binh Dinh – 2021 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY TRINH THI THANH TAM A COGNITIVE STUDY OF METAPHORS USED IN EMILY DICKINSON’S POEMS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: HA THANH HAI, Ph. Binh Dinh – 2021 BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN TRỊNH THỊ THANH TÂM NGHIÊN CỨU TRI NHẬN VỀ ẨN DỤ ĐƯỢC SỬ DỤNG TRONG THƠ CỦA NHÀ THƠ EMILY DICKINSON Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: TS. HÀ THANH HẢI Bình Định - 2021 i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that the research entitled A Cognitive Study of Metaphors Used in Emily Dickinson’s Poems is my own work. Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole, or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma.
No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the thesis. Quy Nhon, 2021 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this graduation thesis is the result of not only my own efforts but also other assistance of organizations and individuals to whom I would like to express my deepest gratitude. First of all, I would like to express my endless thanks to my supervisor, Dr Ha Thanh Hai for the generous and insightful guidance, critical comments and precious advice that he has spared for me. His encouragement and comments have significantly enriched and improved my work.
Without his motivation and instructions, the thesis would not have been done effectively. Secondly, my deep thanks come to all the lecturers at the Department of Foreign Languages for generously supporting me and giving me permission to carry out this thesis. And last, my special thanks come to my beloved family and friends for their endless love, care and motivations for the whole of my life. They have given me strength to overcome all the troubles I encountered during the fulfillment of this research.
iii ABSTRACT Metaphor in poetic texts has been discussed from different perspectives. In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is not only confined to literary studies but it has also become a commonality among all the sciences. The present paper aims to shed light upon the cognitive metaphor and the implicit meaning of metaphor in the poems by Emily Dickinson, published by the Pennsylvania State University, Electronic Classics Series (2003). Moreover, the research is focused on the contribution of metaphor on the poems.
In analyzing the data, the metaphor theory introduced by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) has been used. Based on the theory, the metaphorical expressions found in the data are classified into three types: Structural metaphor, Orientational metaphor, and Ontological metaphor. The data analysis shows that the most frequently used type of metaphor in Emily Dickinson’ selected poems is ontological metaphor, while structural metaphor ranks second, and in the least used is orientational metaphor. Emily Dickinson is not only a great poet but also a skillful wielder of words.
She understands the metaphorical nature of our everyday language and thought. She makes use of that knowledge to create poems that literally take our breath away by disrupting our commonsensical and folk theory ways of thinking about the world. She makes metaphorical comparisons between the brain, the sea, and, sky, beauty and death. The way she expresses metaphor in her poems is beautiful, unique, and worth further investigation in the field of literature.
Emily Dickinson's poetry powerfully indicates values of society of the time. It does this through its conciseness, its simplicity and its control. In her iv poems, she shows how society values the conformity of the whole community. From the results and discussion, the study puts forward some implications for teaching and learning English to learners.
Hopefully, the result of the study can be somewhat beneficial for the teaching and learning of English. This study may also be helpful for the readers of English. v TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iii LIST OF TABLES.
viii LIST OF FIGURES. ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Aim and Objectives of the Study. Scope of the Study.
Significance of the Study. Organization of Study. 6 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. Biography of Emily Dickinson.
An overview of Cognitive Linguistics. An Overview of Metaphor .2 Traditional View of Metaphor. Classification of Conceptual Metaphor. Expression of Metaphor.
Definition of Poetry. 26 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. 29 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. An overview of Conceptual Metaphor in Emily Dickinson’s Poems.
Statistical analysis of conceptual metaphors. Structural metaphor in Emily Dickinson’s Poems. Occurrences of structural metaphor. Linguistic expressions of Structural Metaphor.
The Contribution of Structural Metaphor in the Value of the Poem. Orientational Metaphor in Emily Dickinson’s Poems. Occurrences of Orientational Metaphor. Linguistic expressions of Orientational Metaphor.
The contribution of Orientational Metaphor in the Value of the Poem. Ontological Metaphor in Emily Dickinson’s Poems. Occurrences of Ontological Metaphor. Linguistic expressions of Ontological Metaphor.
The Contribution of Ontological Metaphor in the Value of the Poem. Limitations and Recommendations for Further Research. 7 LIST OF POEMS. 34 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Frequency of Conceptual Metaphor ………….2 Frequency of structural metaphor ……………….3 Frequency of Orientational metaphor …….4 Frequency of Ontological Metaphor …….…49 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1 Frequency of types of conceptual metaphors in Emily Dickinson’s Poems……………………………………………………………………….
Rationale Language plays an important role of human life since it is used to communicate with each other. According to Leech and Short (2007), a language is a vehicle communication whereby a person conveys message to another for a range of different purposes, such as informing, ordering, persuading and reassuring. Without language human would not have remained. Every single day we communicate with others in language.
We have different ways to convey the meaning of our utterances. To express those messages we do not only use an explicit message or direct expression to send the message, but also use an implicit message or indirect expression such as figurative language. Figurative language is language using figures of speech. This is when the writer describes things through the use of unusual comparisons to make things clearer.
The result of using this technique is the creation of interesting images. To make the word more beautiful, the author uses figurative language because its functions are to captivate readers’ interest and deliver ideas and imagination in a more entertaining way. Metaphor is the type of figurative language which is the most commonly and widely used. The study of metaphors in poetry by Lakoff and Turner (1989) gives a clear and critical consideration of metaphors in English poems.
Kovecses (2010: 4) states that “it is the metaphorical linguistic expressions that reveal the existence of the conceptual metaphors”. Metaphor is generally used in poems because it is a powerful tool for poets to express the meaning of their poems and to produce 2 extraordinary poems. According to Valery (1989), poem is an art based on language and also expresses a certain state of mind. He also generalized many conceptual metaphors of death, time, life, people, plants, nights, and days, etc.
This shows that there is a great interest in metaphors in general, and metaphors in poems in particular. It is Valery’s idea that has led us to focus on the concepts of linguistic metaphor, conceptual metaphor, conceptualization, and domain, the key issues in cognitive approach to metaphor study. We would make an effort to analyse and explore metaphors in Emily Dickinson’s in the light of cognitive approach. From the analysis of metaphorical expressions, this study would inductively investigate the system of conceptual metaphors mentioned previously such as in Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Kovecses (2010).
The analysis of the source domain and target domain is believed to enrich and expand our understanding of each conceptual metaphor and its contribution to the linguistic expression in each poem. Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 2003) state that metaphors are mapped under concepts, and they construct our thought and actions. One of the famous poets commonly using metaphors in their writing is Emily Dickinson. Emily Dickinson chooses and uses words in her own way.
She can always endow a word with a brand new fresh meaning and light up readers’ mind. Her poetic language is open for discussion rather than specific. It sets free readers’ mind and allows boundless possibilities. Metaphor plays a very important role in her works.
As a part of rhetoric, metaphor mainly comprises two elements, target and source. Metaphor connects the unknown with known, the intangible with tangible, the abstract with concrete, non-human attributes with human attributes, and non-animate 3 with animate. Emily Dickinson’s metaphor may puzzle or shock readers as it subverts their habitual way of thinking and comprehending. Dickinson's works have had considerable influence on modern poetry.
Her frequent use of dashes, sporadic capitalization of nouns, off-rhymes, broken meter, metaphors has contributed to her reputation as one of the most innovative poets of 19th-century American literature. We borrow the idea that Lakoff and Turner (1989: 15) gave in setting up their study of metaphor in poetry as we choose poems: “not to point out what is unusual about it but rather to introduce a range of common, unconscious, automatic metaphors which are parts of our cultural knowledge and which allow us to communicate with each other, whether in ordinary conversation or in poetry.” With the deep concern with conceptual metaphor, I decide to carry out the study entitled: “A COGNITIVE STUDY OF METAPHORS USED IN EMILY DICKINSON’S POEMS”. I hope my small contribution will help readers to have deeper understanding about conceptual metaphor in Emily Dickinson’s poems. The study builds up a system of conceptual metaphors in poems after investigating their metaphorical expressions.
This would help readers to thoroughly view the hidden values underlying the conceptualization of metaphors in poems, and from that, it gives recommendations for understanding and dealing with metaphors in poems, especially in reading in Emily Dickinson’s poems. Aim and Objectives of the Study 1. Aim The aim of this research is to analyze the conceptual metaphors used in Dickinson’s poems under three headings: structural, orientational and ontological metaphors. These expressions are semantically clarified in their respective poetic contexts to discover the principles of meaning.
Subsequently, further analysis is made to find out their aesthetic contributions. Objectives The study is carried out with a desire of investigating and analyzing the poetic metaphorical expressions of Emily Dickinson’s poems. It is necessary to fulfill the following objectives: a) To analyze the metaphorical expressions used in Emily Dickinson’s poems. b) To find out what kinds of conceptual metaphors are used in her poems and their frequency of occurrences.
c) To examine how these conceptual metaphors contribute to the values of the poems. Research Questions To gain the effective results, it is necessary to find out the proper answers to the following questions: (1) What types of conceptual metaphors are used in Emily Dickinson’s poems? (2) How do these metaphors contribute to the poems? 5 1. Scope of the Study This thesis is about metaphorical expressions and the underlying conceptual metaphors in Emily Dickinson’s poems from cognitive perspective. Metaphors extracted from poems are analysed in details in terms of the source and target domain.
Owing to the limitation of time, the required length of the study and references, the investigation will be restricted to three types of metaphor, structural, ontological, and orientational metaphors. We also try to find out what kinds of cognitive metaphors used in her poems and their aesthetic contributions.