MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYÊN ĐÔNG PHƯƠNG TIÊN PROTOTYPES OF BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FROM A COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE (TINH DIEN DANG CUA CAC MAU CO BAN TRONG TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET DƯỚI GOC ĐỘ NGON NGỮ HỌC TRI NHAN) MAJOR: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS CODE: 9220201 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Linguistics Hanoi, 2021 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI OPEN UNIVERSITY NGUYÊN ĐÔNG PHƯƠNG TIÊN PROTOTYPES OF BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE FROM A COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS PERSPECTIVE (TINH DIEN DANG CUA CAC MAU CO BAN TRONG TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET DƯỚI GOC ĐỘ NGON NGU HỌC TRI NHẬN) MAJOR: ENGLISH LINGUISTICS CODE: 9220201 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Linguistics Supervisor: Assoc. HOANG TUYET MINH Hanoi, 2021 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP The thesis entitled “Prototypes of basic colour terms in English and Vietnamese from a cognitive linguistics perspective” has been submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. I, the undersigned, hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis, I have fully acknowledged and referenced the ideas and work of others, whether published or unpublished, in my thesis. The thesis does not contain work extracted from a thesis, dissertation or research paper previously presented for another degree or diploma at this or any other university.
Signature NGUYEN BONG PHUONG TIEN ABSTRACT This dissertation, with the aim of identifying the prototypes of black/den, white/trắng, red/do, yellow/vang, green/blue/xanh, grey/xdm colour terms, attempts to clarify the similarities and the differences among the prototypes of basic colour terms in English and Vietnamese data with further explanations from cognitive and cultural perspectives. Data is collected with as + basic colour terms + as/nhw + object referent X structure in English and Vietnamese data from literary works. Combined research methods are adopted in the following means: percentage identification of individual object referent is based on quantitative method whereas further explanations concerning distinctive features depend on qualitative method as well as the similarities and the differences among these prototypes count on contrastive method. The findings show: night as prototype of black colour term, snow as prototype of white colour term, blood and rose as two prototypes of red colour term, corn as prototype of yellow colour term, emerald as prototype of green colour term, sapphire as prototype of blue colour term, badger as prototype of grey colour term, muc as prototype of den colour term, nga as prototype of /rắng colour term, son as prototype of do colour term, nghé as prototype of vàng colour term, tau /d as prototype of xanh colour term, /rø/gio as prototype of xám colour term.
Theoretically, this dissertation provides comprehensible explanations of cultural and cognitive characteristics of English and Vietnamese nations. Practically, the study results are helpful for English and Vietnamese learners in translating or interpreting these prototypes correctly from cultural and cognitive viewpoints. Profound knowledge of English and Vietnamese linguistic systems is beneficial for language learners for a more detailed description of the similarities and the differences. Last but not least, native readers or speakers understand the similarities and distinguish the differences for the appropriate daily usage.
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 1.3: Theoretical framework of dissertation.2: Data analysis procedure ofdissertation.1: Prototypes of basic colour terms in English and Vietnamese data .2: Objects as culture-specific referents of basic colour terms in English data and Vietnamese data.3: Research outcome comparison about the most representative object referents or prototypes of basic colour terms in English and Vietnamese data. 170 APPENDIX |: LITERATURE REVIEW.1: Main development representatives in terms of prototype & categories.2: Researches in English regarding lexicon research direction .3: Researches in English related to semantics research direction.4: Researches in English from culture research direction.5: Researches in English on the subject of cognition research direction .6: Researches in Vietnamese in regard to lexicon research direction.7: Researches in Vietnamese in terms of semantics research direction Appendix 1.8: Researches in Vietnamese connected to culture research direction. APPENDIX 2: OBJECT REFERENTS OF BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE DATA 188 Table 2.1: Objects referents of black colour term in English data.3: Objects referents of red colour term in English data .4: Objects referents ofyel/ow colour term in English data.5: Objects referents ofgreen colour term in English.6: Objects referents of biue colour term in English data.7: Objects referents of grey colour term in English data .8: Objects referents of den colour term in Vietnamese data Table 2.9: Objects referents of ding colour term in Vietnamese data.10: Objects referents of do colour term in Vietnamese data.11: Objects referents of vang colour term in Vietnamese data.12: Objects referents ofxanh colour term in Vietnamese data.13: Objects referents ofxd colour term in Vietnamese data. s7) APPENDIX 3: TABLES OF OBJECT REFERENTS AND 06-CLASS CLASSIFICATION AND CATEGORY SUB-CLASSIFICATION OF BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE DATA.1: 27 English authors, 169 literary works and 430 tokens regarding blackWwhite/red/vellow/green/blue/grey colour terms.2: 52 Vietnamese authors, 219 literary works and 443 tokens regarding den/triing/do/vengxanh/xém colour terms.1: Object referents of black colour term in English data .2: 06-Class classification and category sub-classification of black colour term in English data Table 3.3: Object referents of white colour term in English data Table 3.4: -Class classification and category sub-classification of white colour term in English data 336 Table 3.5: Object referents of red colour term in English data 339 Table 3.6: 06-Class classification and category sub-classification of red colour term in English data 340 Table 3.7: Object referents ofyellow colour term in English data 341 Table 3.8: 06-Class classification and category sub-classification ofyellow colour term in English data Table 3.9: Object referents of green colour term in English data.10: 06-Class classification and category sub-classification ofgreen colour term in English data Table 3.11: Object referents of bive colour term in English.12: 06-Class classification and category sub-classification of blue colour term in English data Table 3.13: Object referents ofgrey colour term in English data.14: 06-Class classification and category sub-classification of grey colour term in English data 348 Table 3.15: Object referents of den colour term in Vietnamese data.16: 06-Class classification and category sub-classification of den colour term in ‘Vietnamese data.17: Object referents of øắng colour term in Vietnamese data .18: 06-class classification and category sub-classification of #ăng colour term in Vietnamese data.19: Object referents of do colour term in Vietnamese data.20: 06-class classification and category sub-classification of do colour term in Vietnamese data.21: Object referents of vang colour term in Vietnamese data .22: 06-class classification and category sub-classification of vang colour term in Vietnamese data, 364 Table 3.27: Object referents ofxanh colour term in Vietnamese data 366 Table 3.28: 06-class classification and category sub-classification of xanh colour term in Vietnamese data.29: Object referents ofxam colour term in Vietnamese data 369 Table 3.30: 06-class classification and category sub-classification of xdm colour term in Vietnamese data.
369 TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. i ABSTRACT ii PART 1. 1 lBdaởiã Aims and Objectives. Scope of the stud) Methodology of the study Significance of the study Des Structure of the study PART 2.
REVIEW ON PREVIOUS STUDIES. In Việt Nam. Language-cognition-culture relation. An introduction of Category.
Prototype and Prototype theory. An overview of Prototype terminology. Viewpoints on Prototype theory 1. An overview of basic colour terms.
Physical features and linguistic criteria of basic colour terms. Physical features ofa basic colour term 1. Linguistic criteria of a basic colour term vi 1. Basic colour terms in English 1.
Basic colour terms in Vietnamese. Theoretical framework ofdissertation. Mixed research approach 2. Comparative-contrastive approach.
Mixed research method. Comparative-contrastive method. Procedures of data collection and data analysi: 2. Summary CHAPTER 3: CLASS CLASSIFICATION AND CATEGORY SUB-CLASSIFICATION OF BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE DAT, 3.
Class classification and category sub-classification of basic colour terms in English data 83 3. Class and category classification of b/ack colour terms in English data. Class and category classification of white colour term in English data. Class and category classification of red colour term in English data.
Class and category classification ofyel/ow colour term in English 3. Class and category classification of green colour terms in English data. Class and category classification of grey colour term in English data. Class classification and category sub-classification of basic colour terms in ‘Vietnamese data.
Class and category classification of đen colour term in Vietnamese data. Class and category classification of #rding colour term in Vietnamese data. Class and category classification of do colour term in Vietnamese data. Class and category classification of vdng colour term in Vietnamese data.
Class and category classification of xanh colour term in Vietnamese data. Class and category classification of xdm colour term in Vietnamese data. COMPARISON OF PROTOTYPES OF BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE DATA 124 4. Prototypes of basic colour terms in English and Vietnamese data.
Comparison of prototypes of basic colour terms in English and Vietnamese data 132 4. Prototype of black colour term in English compared to prototype of den colour term in Vietnamese. Prototype of white colour term in English compared to prototype of trang colour term in Vietnamese. Prototype of red colour term in English compared to prototype of do colour term in Vietnamese.
Prototype ofyellow colour term in English compared to prototype of vàng colour term in Vietnamese 140 4. Prototype of green colour term and prototype of b/„e colour term in English compared to prototype of xanh colour term in Vietnamese. Prototype of grey colour term in English compared to prototype of xdm colour term in Vietnamese. Limitations and suggestions for further study.
157 viii English references. 157 Vietnamese references 164 RESEARCHER’S ARTICLES RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION. APPENDICES 170 APPENDIX |: LITERATURE REVIEW 170 APPENDIX 2: OBJECT REFERENTS OF BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE DATA. 188 APPENDIX 3: TABLES OF OBJECT REFERENTS AND 06-CLASS CLASSIFICATION AND CATEGORY SUB-CLASSIFICATION OF BASIC COLOUR TERMS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE DATA 294 PART 1.
Rationale The view on this diverse world results in different colour pictures, which clearly reflects the distinctive values in cognition and culture of one nation itself. In other words, colour terms, besides the usual daily semantically expressive viewpoint, should be explored from deeper cognitive views underneath (Vũ Phuong Anh, 2011) so as to explore the connections between one colour term and the equivalent prototypes in human beings’ cognition. In the world, the issue of colour terms has been studied from various research aspects as follows: In terms of lexical aspect, the role of culture has been emphasized in researching colour terminologies, rather than researching colour terminologies in separation. Studies by Geiger (1869); Conklin (1955); Lakoff (1987); Kay & Maffi (1999) have influenced this current dissertation since cultural element used to be ignored in considering the connection between colour terminologies and their usage.
In Vietnamese, Trinh Thi Minh Huong (1999) paid more attention to lexical aspect, mainly towards one colour term or some basic colour terms in Vietnamese language. Regarding semantic viewpoint, Kövecses (1986) and Lucy (1992) lay the foundation in which colour prototypes should be performed based on the semantic features of colour category. In Viét Nam, Hoang Van Hanh (1982), Nguyén Hoang Phuong Linh (2014) and Lé Phuong Thao (2018) compare and contrast the semantic values and meanings between colour terms in Vietnamese and English. Concerning culture factor, Chevalier and Gheerbrant (1997) as well as Wierzbicka (2006) provide knowledge about the role of culture in the diverse international system of colour symbols around the world.
Nguyén Khanh Ha (1995) confirms the existence of the parallel connection between one particular linguistic expression (a lexical word unit) and its associated typical cultural national characteristics. In respect of cognitive viewpoint, this research direction has been increasingly popular and widely applied.