THU DAU MOT UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES LE VAN DUC GENDER DISTINCTIONS IN REFUSAL FACE-SAVING STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY AT THU DAU MOT UNIVERSITY MAJOR: ENGLISH LANGUAGE MAJOR CODE: 8 22 02 01 MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE BINH DUONG – 2022 THU DAU MOT UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES LE VAN DUC GENDER DISTINCTIONS IN REFUSAL FACE-SAVING STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY AT THU DAU MOT UNIVERSITY MAJOR: ENGLISH LANGUAGE MAJOR CODE: 8 22 02 01 MASTER THESIS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE Supervised by SIDSEL (CECILIA) MILLERSTROM, Ph. -------------------------------- BINH DUONG – 2022 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. I am blessed to have known her and to have been accepted as her student in this MA program. From the point of a teacher, an advisor, and a mentor, she is my strongest advocate.
My research skills have been considerably developing with her precious guidance and continuous encouragement. I extend my enormous gratitude for her kind support, efficient assistance and valuable correction of all this work in manuscript that I have greatly benefited. I wish to express my deep indebtedness to Dr. Tran Thanh Du for his invaluable suggestions, helpful advice, brilliant scholarship, demanding teaching and supervision.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank Dr. Tran Ngoc Mai for her discerning comments, knowledgeable suggestions and kind-heartedness she contributed to my thesis proposal. My sincere thanks go to all my teachers at TDMU for their profound knowledge and outstanding teaching during my long study. I especially express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr.
Nguyen Hoang Tuan, who suggested an insightful research subject for my MA thesis, for his distinctive guidance, insightful comments, endless support and benevolence at the very first step to my present MA dissertation. I am indebted to all the research participants without their valuable responses, opinions and ideas on the questionnaires, this project would not have been accomplished. Finally, I owe the completion of this dissertation to my parents, my siblings, my wife and my two children, who have always given me their love, understanding and encouragement throughout my study. i STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY I certify that this thesis entitled “GENDER DISTINCTIONS IN REFUSAL FACE- SAVING STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY AT THU DAU MOT UNIVERSITY” is my own work.
This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other institution. Binh Duong, July 10, 2022 Lê Văn Đức ii RETENTION OF USE I hereby state that I, LE VAN DUC, being the candidate for the degree of Master of English Language, accept the requirement of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s Theses deposited in the library. In terms of these conditions, I agree that the originality of my thesis deposited in the Library should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for the care, loan or reproduction of theses. Binh Duong, July 10, 2022 Lê Văn Đức iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
i STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY. ii RETENTION OF USE. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
vi LIST OF TABLES. vii LIST OF FIGURES. Statement of the problem. Aims and research questions of the study.
Significance of the study. Limitations of the study. Organization of the thesis. Concepts of speech acts.
Concepts of refusal. Notions of face. Concepts of face-saving and face-threatening. Concepts of politeness.
Concepts of indirectness and indirectness for refusals. Classification of refusal strategies. Research design and data gathering instruments. The research site and the population for the present study.
Data collection procedures. Theoretical framework and explanations for coding semantic formulae. Data coding and analysis. Face-saving strategies employed by males and females for refusal.
Face-saving strategies employed by males for SARs. Face-saving strategies employed by females for SARs. The total number of refusal strategies employed by males and females. Comparisons on the frequencies of refusal strategies in each situation.
Gender distinctions in face-saving strategies yielded by analyzing independent sample t-test. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS. Discussion on refusal face-saving strategies. The extent of gender distinctions in SAR performance.
Recommendations for further research. 72 v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DCT: Discourse Completion Task EFL: English as a Foreign Language FL: Foreign Language FTA: Face threatening act L2: Second Language SAR: Speech act of refusal SAT: Speech Act Theory SPSS: Statistical Package for the Social Sciences TDMU: Thu Dau Mot University vi LIST OF TABLES Table 4. Strategies for SARs employed by males Table 4. Strategies for SARs employed by females Table 4.
The independent sample t-test on the refusal strategies employed by males and females. vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4. The percentage of refusal strategies employed by males and females Figure 4. The frequencies on refusal strategies for situation 1 Figure 4.
The frequencies on refusal strategies for situation 2 Figure 4. The frequencies on refusal strategies for situation 3 Figure 4. The frequencies on refusal strategies for situation 4 Figure 4. The frequencies on refusal strategies for situation 5 Figure 4.
The frequencies on refusal strategies for situation 6 Figure 4. The frequencies on refusal strategies for situation 7 Figure 4. The frequencies on refusal strategies for situation 8 Figure 4. The frequencies on refusal strategies for situation 9 Figure 4.
The frequencies on refusal strategies for situation 10 viii ABSTRACT The speech acts of refusal (SARs) potentially contains the sense of bluntness and discourtesy, which can make it difficult for non-native speakers to say no in a foreign language and as a result, the current research is to investigate refusal face- saving strategies employed by English majors at Thu Dau Mot University (TDMU) and to explore possible gender distinctions in their refusal strategy choices. The Discourse Completion Task (DCT) with 10 actual refusal situations of invitations and requests was employed as the research instrument. One hundred twenty participants including 60 males and 60 females joined the study, resulting in approximately 1200 SARs. The quantitative approach was utilized to keep the data analysis process highly satisfying and reliable.
The data analysis was mainly guided through the framework set by Beebe et al. (1990) with some modification. To identify face-saving strategies EFL learners expressed, the collected data were processed and classified according to the refusal strategies in selected situations. The subjects’ refusal strategies were analyzed by matching word(s), phrase(s), or sentence(s) that met a particular semantic criterion or strategy.
Later on, the collected data were entered in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS - version 16) software to undergo the relevant statistical analysis. The frequency of participants’ responses was calculated and presented by percentage to see different face-saving strategies they preferred to use. The score means of both gender groups were compared through independent sample t- test to investigate gender distinctions. The findings show that participants differ in the ways they perform refusals.
Regret, and giving excuses or explanations were the preferred formulas used in SARs reflecting their reluctance to express their disinclination to comply. The choice of these semantic formulas indicates the influence of Vietnamese culture in respondents’ realizations of refusals in English. In addition, the frequency of SARs by males is different from that by females, though they do share some similarities. Related to distinctions in term of gender, males and females also differ in the ways they say “NO” to their conversational partners.
Males and females are apt to express refusals more elaborately. Key words: Gender, Distinctions, Refusal, Face, SAR, FTA, Face-saving, Face- threatening, Strategies. Statement of the problem Success in communication depends greatly on the ability to recognize speakers’ communicative intentions and pragmatic meaning of their utterances because human communication is a combination of cooperation and understanding. Actually, those who may be regarded as fluent in a second language thanks to their phonetic, syntactic and semantic knowledge of that language are often still unable to produce language that is socially and culturally appropriate.
Larina (2008) indicates that numerous problems in communication occur because people not only speak different languages but use them in different ways according to specific social and linguistic norms, values, and social-cultural convention. Existing studies of speech acts can be divided into two aspects: on the one hand, the studies which examine native speakers’ speech acts realization, either focusing on one language (intra-language studies) or two languages; on the other hand, we have the studies which investigate characteristics of non-native speakers’ speech acts in comparison to native speakers’ (inter-language studies). Compared with certain speech acts which have received more attention than others such as requests and apologies, refusals are still one of the less researched areas. The speech act of refusals (SARs) has been examined on interpersonal communication, cross-cultural and second language pragmatics, education, and psychology and from different perspectives, including the linguistic and non-linguistic realization of refusals in various settings, perceptions of refusals.
Félix-Brasdefer (2008:168) listed 51 studies on refusals and described them in light of the methods employed for collecting pragmatic data among native speakers of different languages. American English has been so far the most co mmonly investigated language in native and non-native refusal studies, followed by Japanese, British English, and Italian. Therefore, Janney and Arndt (1993) claim that it seems necessary to scrutinize it in other languages and cultures to have a better understanding of various concepts in other societies. 1 To collect the data for analysis, a questionnaire was distributed to 120 students (60 males and 60 females) of different age groups at Thu Dau Mot University (TDMU).
Then, the participants were divided into 4 age group categories (18-20; 21-23; 24-26 and over 26 years old). The questionnaire consists of 10 different situations of requests and invitations. Accordingly, the participants are supposed to place themselves in the respondent’s position and write down exactly how they would verbally refuse the various situations. Particularly, the gender distinctions in refusal face-saving strategies would be observed and identified.
Besides, the research investigated the common refusal utterances among five categories according to education backgrounds namely freshman, sophomore, junior, senior and part-time students. It is remarkable that quantitative approach was employed for data analysis. Aims and research questions of the study Nguyen (1998) illustrated 12 factors in his view consisting of age, gender, residence, mood, occupation, personality, topic, place, communicative environment/setting, social distance, time pressure, and position that may affect the choice of refusal strategies in communication. Notably, the current research mainly concentrated on the gender factor to determine the possible distinctions in face-saving strategies when English speakers perform SARs.
The study aims to provide a detailed description of refusal face-saving strategies in order to find out possible gender distinctions and linguistic phenomena. It also gives EFL learners and researchers applicable theoretical knowledge of such significant aspects. This study may pave the way for further research in the field of Vietnamese language pragmatics. Accordingly, this research is vital because it may reduce gender-based misunderstandings and conflicts.
Identifying gender distinctions may enable individuals to maintain the well-being of their relationships and reinforce cooperation and mutual trust (Gray, 1992:4). 2 This academic work is expected to create its own values. Accordingly, it will help EFL learners gain further knowledge and have an excellent command of face-saving strategies for refusal cases while they are performing SARs. Politeness plays a crucial role in achieving a harmonious relationship and it is also a good catalyst for forming a strong connection among society members as well.
Therefore, the results of the study will also help EFL students learn how to prevent refusal utterances from threatening the others’ face. Moreover, this research also makes them recognize the importance of uttering words appropriately and wisely for a good face- saving speech act.