MINISTRY OE EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology STABILITY OF BETALAINS PIGMENTS FROM RED BEETROOT ( Beta vulgaris L.) IN YOGURT APPLICATION A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Sung Tuyet Dung Supervisor: MSc. Nguyen Huu Thien Dr. Huynh Tien Dat Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 MINISTRY OE EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology STABILITY OF BETALAINS PIGMENTS FROM RED BEETROOT (Beta vulgaris L.) (N YOGURT APPLICATION A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Sung Tuyet Dung Supervisor: MSc. Nguyen Huu Thien Dr.
Huynh Tien Dat Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 ul ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest and sincerest gratitude to Dr. Huynh Tien Dat and MSc. Nguyen Huu Thien from the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology for their responsible, patient, and invaluable supervision and support throughout my study. Without their assistance and dedicated involvement in every step throughout the process, this paper would have never been accomplished.
I place on record my sincere thank you to the Dean of the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University for giving me a huge opportunity to be part of this project. I would like to thank all lecturers and staff at the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology, Nong Lam University, who have taught me all the knowledge and skills required to complete my Bachelor's course of study. Furthermore, I wish to send my sincerest thanks to my partner Nguyen Tra Kim Ngan for her endless support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study and through the process of researching and writing this thesis. Finally, this work is dedicated to my family because no words can express my love and gratitude to my family, who have raised me and supported me under all circumstances, given me all the strength and courage, shared with me all the ups and downs, and loved me unconditionally.
1H ABSTRACT Red beetroot (Beta Vulgaris L.) is well-known as a functional food due to its abundant source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and bioactive compounds, especially betalains. Betalains are a group of natural pigments that give red-violet to yellow-orange color. Betalains are not only non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, non- poisonous pigments, their structural composition and properties but also have great potential for application in the food and medical industry. Nowadays, betalains are mostly employed as natural colorants in a wide range of food and beverages such as desserts, confectioneries, dry mixes, dairy, and meat products.
In this study, betalains were extracted by using Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction (UAEE) from red beetroot to utilize in coloring yogurt. In addition, the storage stability test was conducted to evaluate the potency of betalains as a natural food colorant. The pigment level added at 665ug/100ml gave the most similar color to commercial strawberry yogurt used to compare with color parameters as follows: L*=72. The storage stability test showed that betalains were more susceptible to 30°C than 4°C.
Their thermal sensitivity increases with increasing temperature. Betalains could retain their color for up to 28 days of storage, while these pigments started to degrade on the first day of storage at 30°C. Moreover, the susceptibility of betalains to temperature was strongly related to the pH of stored yogurt. The degree of influence increased with an increase in intensity or combination of these causative factors.
The results hold great promise for the large-scale extraction of betalains, offering exciting possibilities for their utilization in various food applications. Keywords: betalains, red beetroot, natural colorant, yogurt, storage stability 1V LIST OF ABBERVIATIONS EU Europe Union FDA Food and Drug Administration FD&C Food Drug and Cosmetic UAEE Ultrasound — Assisted Enzymatic Extraction US United State TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.HnHHHn HH HT TH TH Hư Hệ ill BASS UREA gu gõ cusp neers ee BEHEEGB(GSIENHEEOSEEBGGHIBVIGSIGEIGBEIHGRRBEEHDERGSEGMGHEERQBRSIORSEĐNISASG 1V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSescssssssesse sessssasssenscasasessacesnesmanunusccannseareanssseomsmenemesmass 8 LAS OE.ENGUINEREieeneobioiooelis6nieiiBsEREĐidESSGEESULE-ESEGESSAGHEGEGESUESHHABSIEB4iSSSSG2idd0536 D CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTTION.---- --- 2À 2- S222 2212222222222 ke 10 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.1; QXEFvI6W OF 106d GGÌGEÄH BE se eeeeeeeaeesoiteoie si GRSGSSSELESSECEBRHSSSSSBGEESSSEESDSSES. Importance of colorants in food manufacturing:. Classification of food coloranfs.-- 5-5525 S2 s2 re 12 Dede OVErview OF Ted.-----c-+-e-cccssi-ccseeEerLienesedtesegB6EEseasrsnsiase 17 2.
Nutritional values of red beetroot.00cc cece ce SH HH ớt 18 2. Overview of betalains 2. Chemistry of betalains. HH HH HH ng re 21 2.
Physical and chemical properties of betalains. Application of betalains in different food systems.-----c<S<<+ 23 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHOD. eee eects 26 Dade Weatertalls sscsiscossssseseaxecsasasnsscnene weemeurs canes amines meres aR eae RE 26 3.1: Red BéeefTf0GK POW OED sac ngu nga ong hong hàn 314481596915508588830100/44. Betalains-rich extract powder.
cscansnneinnnineannnnnsinntonsnemnant osienansnientinentinnstineibeubmesini nenmisienn niitnmamentiensinninstin 27 3. Types:0fe€QUTDIHH¿‹:s-:-:::⁄zzic222z225566066053601056261652664008916310653555g843865605045556 308 28 3. Determination amount of betalains added into yogurt. Evaluation of color stability of yogurt containing betalains at different Storage temperatures wcses css: mesencmune sacs meneame eee 31 3.ATiaályYH€ MGC OGS sua secs 0s gõ n2 sxaanneannas sanonnintnemnamasnccreaane tame EE3/4008038i544-l35:3810356 05686 31 3.
PH detent ation s2 secieceesssieesisg25361101013555380853554595553360135583893/4461459230588 31 3. Color meaSUT€IT€TIỀ.-- G5 222 212211221 221221 221291 g1 TH ng ng ng 31 3. Statistical AT ÏYSI§:::¿s2sscss502566600010666261556335663540586656366656993068951036i6598E5. Determine the appropriate amount of betalains added to yogurt.
Storage stability of yogurt containing betalains. Changes in yogurt color DaraIN€f€FS. Changes in yogurt pH during sforage.----- 25c S2 sec 38 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 40 Maik COMCHUSIONS cess ssccestsemmws tnd sireaetinaanitomeatnatiokeramnatlbticauntimtms natteinniniunaen rinse 40 2: 25 RGCDIHHEHUOI Su con gio c0icg 1L R6 sans 15556516 mampanams sis Xù68u3iQE6uSkEL-OG.
40 REEERENGE css cssssesssessnsesvecvesssunnnersscnsrenecrencseneseusuesvensyeseannveeseomasecoesreeerressseierts 4] LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Table 2. Major synthetic colorants usually used 1n ÍOOd. Composition of D€€fTOOI. TH ng 19 Table 3.
The types of equipment used in the DTOJCCÍ.-5-< 5< «5< «<< e=ss=eseese 28 Table 4. Color analysis of control SaIpÏ. Total color differences between each yogurt sample and commercial sample CE ()kagstiiiitGi1146400151305183330316G135ã8853G48B8EEENXRtSS3SEESEESSENESSELSS1XSiSãSEINSEEETEIEIGEIGSSSGGELSSE34&ESGSgqQ2 34 Table 4. Color parameters of yogurt stored at 4°C and 30°C.
pH value of yogurts stored at 4°C and 30°C in 4 days.---s«< 38 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Representative food colorants from natural sources, organized according to UE die re cac. cố ca cha an 15 Figure 2. Bioactive compounds present in Beetroot (Dhiman et al.
Chemical structure of betalamic acid, betaxanthin, and betacyanin TC co co. co co 0000 5000259090700010029000900995302302057 21 Figure 3. Freeze-dried betalains powder -zsecccsssssssss66s46065534665845u6166866556560884856683g. Ingrédietits to make yO Quit.
Yogurt preparation process. Yogurt dyed in turn with 192, 380, 570, 665, 6844, 760 ug betalains/100m1] Yogurt. cọ cọ nơ 33 Figure 4. Yogurts stored at 4°C for 4 AS.
Yosurts stored at 30°C 1 28 days <.ssssccscsvsoovsesescsesseneenssonseonsssesessonsenesen 36 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Colorants used in food are mostly classified into 2 groups: synthetic and natural colorants. As their name suggests, synthetic food colorants are originally manufactured from coal tar, highly purified oil products. These colorants have been demonstrated which are safe for human health at specified levels. However, if the dose exceeds the approved threshold, 1t can cause harm to the consumer's health such as debilitating the immune system, vitamin B6 deficiency, abortion, hyperactivity, decreased IQ of children, urticarial, asthma, and even cancer (Okafor et al.
Therefore, the current demand for natural colorants increased dramatically. Colors from natural origin not only give a variety of hues but also contain many biologically active substances that are beneficial to human health. Therefore, the use of natural colorants is more popular and is gradually replacing synthetic color products. However, current extraction methods have drawbacks such as long extraction time, use of organic solvents, high temperatures causing betalains loss, and low extraction efficiency.
Red beetroot (Beta Vulgaris L.) has been known as a superfood due to its rich source of fiber, sugar, vitamins, and especially betalain. Betalains are water-soluble nitrogenous pigments, which can be only found in plants of the Caryophyllales order, such as Amaranthaceae, Basellaceae, Cactaceae, Portulacaceae, Nyctaginaceae, and a few other families (Carreón-Hidalgo et al. In food, betalains are utilized to color a variety of foods and beverages, especially low-acid foods. In addition, due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant, betalains are also used as food additives.
Therefore, betalains extracted from red beetroot are gaining significant attention due to their potential applications. With the tropical monsoon climate, Vietnam is one of the richest sources of tropical fruits in the world. Fruits and vegetables are grown widely all over the country. The successful research on "Stability of betalains pigments form red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) in yogurt application" can enhance the economic value of red beetroot as well as betalains rich extract, increase biological activities and applicability as coloring for some food products with the potential to replace some current synthetic colors.
10 The objectives of this study are: - Take advantage of the result of optimization betalains extraction from red beetroot by UAEE method in yogurt natural colorant application - Evaluate the possibility of adding betalain compounds to yogurt products. - Examine the storage stability of yogurt dyed with betalains at different temperatures. 1] CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Overview of food colorants: 2.
Importance of colorants in food manufacturing: Color is a vital attribute as well as a selection criterion of each food product. It is often associated with the flavor, safety, and nutritional value of the product. The color we will see, the flavor we will taste. For example, red color is highly related to strawberry flavor, purple is grape, and yellow is lemon.
Moreover, color influences food products' preference, pleasantness, and especially appetite stimulation. A study by Emerald Insights found that the visual appeal of an item affects 90% of consumer’s buying decisions (Birren, 1963). Generally, colors are added to food to restore color lost during processing, storage, or transportation; enhance the natural color of food, stabilize or reinforce the already existing natural color, and provide color uniformity in batch-to-batch or colorless food (Msagati, 2012). Classification of food colorants Colorants can be classified based on sources, chemical structure, hue, and application.
Based on their sources, food colorants are divided into three main groups: artificial/synthetic colorants, natural colorants, and natural-identical colorants. While based on their chemistry, they can be grouped into flavonoids, indigoids, and carotenoids. Artificial/synthetic food colorants As their name suggests, artificial colorants are products of chemical processes 1n which their chemical composition/or physical structuring accounts for color. Originally, the production of these dyes required a large amount of coal tar and highly purified oil products.
From their first commercialization in 1856 to now, synthetic colors have gained popularity due to their low production cost, high tinctorial strength, high stability, and no or limited effect flavor/aroma to finished products. Most synthetic 12 colors are hydrophilic, therefore they can be added directly to food without pre- processing step. The main classes of synthetic food colors are: — Azo (monazo, disazo, and trisazo) — Azo-pyrazolon — Triarylmethane — Xanthene — Quinoline — Indigoid Table 2.1 Major synthetic colorants usually used in food. Name Enumber FD&C Structure type Color shade classification Tartrazine E102 Yellow no.
5 Azopyrazolone Yellow Quinoline yellow E1044 None Quinoline Greenish yellow Sunset Yellow FCF E110 Yellow no. 6 Monoazo Orange yellow Carmoisine E122 None Monoazo Bluish red Amaranth E123 None Monoazo Red Ponceau 4R E124 None Monoazo Orange red Erythrosine E127 Red no. 3 Xanthene Bluish pink Allura Red AC E120 Red no. 40 Monoazo Yellowish red Patent Blue V E131 None Triarylmethane Violet blue Indigo Carmine E132 Blue no.
2 Indigoid Deep blue Brilliant blue FCF = E133 Blue no. 1 Triarylmethane Greenish blue Source: (Scotter, 2011) 13 Despite the aforementioned advantages as well as permission to use artificial color, consumer demand has been the driving force for the replacement of artificial colorants with those derived from natural sources. The main reason can be related to chemicals which are possibly linked to hyperactivity in children, and allergenicity of synthetic colorants in sensitive populations (Potera, 2010).