MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY THAN THI MINH HUNG A STUDY OF UNDERSTATEMENTS AND HYPERBOLES IN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH POLITICAL SPEECHES Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Assoc. Nguyen Quang Ngoan e BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN THÂN THỊ MINH HƯNG NGHIÊN CỨU NGÔN NGỮ NÓI GIẢM VÀ PHÓNG ĐẠI TRONG CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU CHÍNH TRỊ Ở ANH VÀ VIỆT NAM Chuyên ngành: Ngôn Ngữ Anh Mã ngành: 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: PGS. Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn e i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP Except where reference is made in the text of the thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma. No other’s person work has been used without due acknowledgements in the thesis.
This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. An Nhon, 2021 THÂN THI MINH HUNG e ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my great appreciation to all who have encouraged and helped me in this thesis. First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my Assoc. Nguyen Quang Ngoan, my research supervisor, for his patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful critiques of this research work.
Secondly, I would like to offer my special thanks to all the lecturers in Quy Nhon University for their lectures and devotion over the past two years that have helped me a lot in completing this study. Finally, I would also give my special thanks to all of my colleagues and family for their continuous support and understanding when undertaking my research. e iii ABSTRACT This study was conducted with the aim to examine the structural and functional features of understatements and hyperboles in Vietnamese and English political speeches in terms of the structural and functional features and the similarities and differences in the structural and functional features of the understatements and the hyperboles between the two sets of data. The data of the research contains 40 speeches made by English politicians and 40 speeches made by Vietnamese politicians from 2018 to 2021.
In this study, both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted to analyze the data which gave a sufficient analysis of the figures of speech based on relevant theories. The quantitative techniques provided statistical information such as frequency of occurrence whereas the qualitative approach was employed to analyse the functions and structures of understatements and hyperboles as well as the similarities and differences between them under the light of Harris (2017)’s theory in the approach adapted from (Claridge, 2011, McCarthy & Carter, 2004, Cano Mora, 2006 and Du Thi Trang Anh, 2010). The result of the study revealed that there are no big differences in the structural features of hyperboles in both languages in which single word form is used most frequently. Same in English, hyperboles are used more frequent than understatements in Vietnamese political speeches.
The most obvious finding to emerge from this study related to structural features of understatements is that understatements in phrasal form are used most frequently by both English and Vietnamese politicians. Besides, the differences found in this study were the total understatements used in English were more than in Vietnamese and English politicians tended to use understatements to make problems less serious while Vietnamese politicians tended to use understatements to emphasize the enormity of a problem. e iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .vi LIST OF TABLES .vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.
Aim and Objectives. Scope of the Study. Significance of the Study. Definition of terminology.
Intended structure of the thesis. 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW. 17 CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. Data Collection and Analysis.
Validity and reliability. 25 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION.1 Overview of Hyperboles and Understatements .2 Hyperboles in English and Vietnamese political speeches .1 Forms of hyperboles.2 Functions of hyperboles .3 Understatements in English and Vietnamese political speeches .1 Forms of Understatements .2 Functions of Understatements. 56 Chapter 5 CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS .1 Review of main findings .4 Suggestions for further studies. 59 REFERENCES APPENDIX e vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS SYMBOLS %: Percentage &: And ABBREVIATIONS SFL: Systemic Functional Linguistics Eps: English political speeches Vps: Vietnamese political speeches Eps & Vps: English and Vietnamese political speeches EC: Data on the corpus of English Politicians’ speeches VC Data on the corpus of Vietnamese Politicians’ speeches e vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Framework for data analysis .1: Framework for analyzing data.
Data on the corpus of the English political speeches. Data on the corpus of the Vietnamese political speeches .1: Forms of hyperboles in English .2: Forms of hyperboles in Vietnamese .3: Similarities and Differences in forms of hyperboles in English and Vietnamese political speeches .4: Functions of hyperboles in English .5: Functions of hyperboles in Vietnamese .6: Similarities and Differences in function of hyperboles in English and Vietnamese political speeches .7: Forms of Understatements in English .8: Forms of Understatements in Vietnamese .9: Similarities and Differences in form of Understatements in English and Vietnamese political speeches. Functions of Understatements in English .11: Functions of Understatements in Vietnamese .12: Similarities and Differences in function of Understatements in English and Vietnamese political speeches. 55 e viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.1: Hyperboles and Understatements in Vietnamese Political Speeches .2: Hyperboles and Understatements in Vietnamese Political Speeches .3: Hyperboles and Understatements in English and Vietnamese Political Speeches.
27 e 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This section focuses on the explanation of the introduction of this research. It presents the background of the research that discusses the understatement and hyperbole in Vietnamese and English political speeches 1. Rationale In all communicative means that human beings possess, language is the only mean satisfying all the needs of humans. It has become a useful tool in communication because it has existed along with humans up to now.
Especially in politics, language places an integral role so the close relationship between language and politics has been an interest to many researchers. As Joseph (2006) states in “Language and Politics”, there’s a correlation between language and politics. The goal of any political speech is persuasion. Using rhetorical devices frequently and widely is an effective way to make these political speeches more attractive, lively, and persuasive.
According to Harris (2017), Rhetorical devices are divided into more than sixty devices in which understatement and hyperbole are two sides of the same coin: they both use distortion to make a point. They mean something more or less than the words they mean, so they cannot be taken literally. Due to their significance, many politicians frequently use them in their speeches to attract listeners’ attention and achieve their communicative purposes. In the realm of discourse analysis, the typical linguistic features of political speeches have so far been the focus of attention of many linguists and researchers.
Moreover, there have been many studies of the language used in political speeches, especially rhetorical devices used in political speeches, to name but a few (Ollikka, 2018; Charteris-Black, 2016; Amaral et al., 2013; Pham Thi Minh Phuong, 2017; and Nguyen Uy Dung, 2010). There is a large volume of published studies focusing on some common devices such as alliteration, metaphor, metonymy, rhetorical questions, repetition, and personification. However, there have been limited studies e 2 of understatements and hyperboles in political speeches. Nguyen Uy Dung (2010) has done a study on some common stylistic devices in political speeches by US presidents and suggested a comparison between stylistic devices in English political speeches and those in Vietnamese political speeches.
Besides, as an English teacher, using rhetorical devices in teaching can help improve the effectiveness in conveying my intention in lessons and make them more interesting. Therefore, I chose to carry out a study, namely: “A study on understatements and hyperboles in Vietnamese and English political speeches” for my MA thesis. Aim and Objectives 1. Aim This study aims to examine the structural and functional features of understatements and hyperboles in Vietnamese and English political speeches.
Objectives To achieve this aim, the researcher tries to fulfill the following objectives: - To identify and discuss the structural and functional features of understatements and hyperboles in English and Vietnamese political speeches - To compare and contrast the structural and functional features of understatements and hyperboles in English political speeches and Vietnamese political speeches. Research Questions To achieve the above aim and objectives, the researcher answers the following questions: 1. What are the structural and functional features of the understatements and the hyperboles used in the investigated English and Vietnamese political speeches? 2. What are the similarities and differences in the structural and functional features of the understatements and the hyperboles between English political speeches and Vietnamese political speeches? e 3 1.
Scope of the Study The study focuses on structural and functional features of understatements and hyperboles in Vietnamese and English political speeches. Within the scope of this research, the researcher does not focus on other rhetorical devices but understatements and hyperboles due to their sheer persuasive power and the limit of this study. The study aims at comparing and contrasting the structural and functional features of understatements and hyperboles used in the investigated English political speeches and Vietnamese political speeches. For Vietnamese political speeches, the writer collected them on politicians’ official website.
For English political speeches, they were collected from website https://www.uk/, which is updated and authentic. On balance, 40 speeches from Vietnamese politicians and 40 speeches from English politicians within the past six years were to be analyzed in this study. Harris’s theory (2017) of Rhetorical devices is used as a main theoretical framework in identifying and discussing hyperboles and understatements in political speeches. Significance of the Study By analyzing understatements and hyperboles used in English and Vietnamese political speeches, the study will hopefully help to find out rhetorical devices politicians use to make their speeches more persuasive.
Moreover, throughout this study, I expect to understand more about how power and ideology can be gained via language. Therefore, the awareness of the role of language can be acquired. Also, the study is expected to make contributions to the field of literacy analysis both theoretically and practically, with particular reference to understatements and hyperboles as rhetorical devices. Through this research, language learners will be able to have a sufficient foundation of knowledge on rhetorical devices, especially understatement and hyperbole.
Besides that, this thesis will be useful for readers who are interested in making political speeches and e 4 studying rhetorical devices. Last but not least, whilst some researches have been carried out on rhetorical devices in political speeches, political speeches in light of Functional Grammar, there have been few recognizable investigations into understatements and hyperboles in English and Vietnamese political speeches. Understanding the link between understatement and hyperbole will help readers and English users in understanding and conveying the meaning of the language. Definition of terminology Understatement: Harris (2017) defined understatement as a device which expresses an idea as less important than it actually is, either for ironic emphasis or for politeness and tact.
Hyperbole: Harris (2017) defined hyperbole as follow “Hyperbole, the counterpart of understatement, deliberately exaggerates conditions for emphasis or effect”. Rhetorical devices: As defined by Harris (2017), Rhetorical devices, often called figures of speech, involve the use of words in special, unusual ways: either in unusual arrangements or with special and unusual meaning. Political speech: A political speech is mainly defined as an argument of some kind: an attempt to provide others with reasons for thinking, feeling or acting in some particular way; to motivate them; to invite them to trust one in uncertain conditions; to get them to see situations in a certain light. Intended structure of the thesis.
Considering the convenience steps to understand the thesis, the writer organized the research into five chapters.