MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY PHẠM THỊ DIỆU QUYÊN RHETORICAL DEVICES IN PRESIDENT DONALD TRUMP’S SPEECHES Field: English Linguistics Code: 8 22 02 01 Supervisor: Assoc. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN PHẠM THỊ DIỆU QUYÊN BIỆN PHÁP TU TỪ TRONG CÁC BÀI PHÁT BIỂU CỦA TỔNG THỐNG DONALD TRUMP Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8 22 02 01 Người hướng dẫn: PGS. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền i STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby certify that this thesis “Rhetorical devices in President Donald Trump’s speeches” is my own work. Except where the reference is indicated, no other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis.
Binh Dinh, 2019 PHẠM THỊ DIỆU QUYÊN ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this study is the result of not only my efforts but also other assistance of individuals to whom I would like to express my special gratitude. First and foremost, I would like to offer my deepest gratitude and sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Assoc. Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền, who has supported me with her endless patience, thoughtful guidance and comprehensive advices during the whole period of the study. Without her instructions, this thesis would have been impossible to be completed.
Secondly, I am deeply grateful to the Dean of Quy Nhon University, Assoc. Đỗ Ngọc Mỹ for giving me time permission and financial support to follow this course of M. degree in English Linguistics. Thirdly, I am also thankful to all the lecturers of the courses for their valuable lectures and experiences, which provide essential knowledge for this thesis.
Fourthly, my gratitude is devoted to my colleagues and close friends for their kind support and warm encouragements, without which I could not have overcome all the trouble during the fulfillment of this study. Last but not least, I am indebted to my beloved parents for their support and endless love which encourage me to finish this thesis. I am grateful to my husband for taking care of our two little children so that I could spend more time on my thesis and especially I also owe a deep debt to my children, who have not had the time of playing with their mother as much as the others. iii ABSTRACT This study deals with investigating into rhetorical devices (RDs) in President Donald Trump (PDT)’s speeches.
The analytical framework of the study is adapted from the theory of RDs by McGuigan (2007) who classified RDs into 4 categories. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are mainly used to analyze the data. The aim of the study is to work out the frequency of occurrence of RDs in five PDT’s speeches in the first two years of presidency from 2017 to 2019 and then to discuss the underlying usage patterns of these RDs. The findings show that there are 16 RDs in all four groups being employed in PDT’s speeches.
Regarding RDs helping with Strategy, Trump frequently used metaphor, hyperbole, antithesis, simile, and rhetorical question. With regard to RDs helping with Organization, Trump utilized anadiplosis/conduplicatio, enumeration, parallelism, and antanagoge. Considering RDs helping with Style, Trump tended to apply epithet, synecdoche/metonymy, polysyndeton, and hyperbaton. In terms of RDs helping with Analysis of Reading, Trump was more likely to employ anaphora/epistrophe/symploce, personification, and parataxis.
Another interesting finding found in the study is that in comparison with the other three groups of devices, Trump had a strong tendency towards Style RDs which preferred with the predominance of epithet. Therefore, the close analysis unfolds the pedagogical practicality of these devices, which can be a significant contribution towards teaching and learning English in Vietnam. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS.
iv ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS. vii LIST OF TABLES. ix LIST OF FIGURES. Aim and Objectives of the study.
Scope of the Study. Significance of the Study. The organization of the Study. 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.
RDs and Functions of RDs. Classification of RDs. RDs helping with Strategy. RDs helping with Organization.
RDs helping with Style. RDs helping with Analysis of Reading. Review of the previous relevant studies. Reliability and Validity.
37 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. An overview of the RDs in PDT’s speeches. The RDs helping with Style in PDT’s speeches. The RDs helping with Organization in PDT’s speeches.
The RDs helping with Analysis of Reading in PDT’s speeches. Anaphora/Epistrophe/Symploce. The RDs helping with Strategy in PDT’s speeches. 91 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS.
Limitations of the study. Suggestions for further research. 101 vii ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS (a) Abbreviations PDT President Donald Trump RDs Rhetorical devices In sample analyses: Anadi. Rhetorical Question Simi.
Parataxis viii (b) Conventions - [T1.S1-Sn]: Trump’s speech 1 (Inaugural address on January 20th, 2017 in Washington D.), sentence coded from 1 to n - [T2.S1-Sn]: Trump’s speech 2 (Remarks by President Trump to the 72nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly on September 19 th, 2017), sentence coded from 1 to n - [T3.S1-Sn]: Trump’s speech 3 (Remarks by President Trump in State of the Union Address on January 30th, 2018), sentence coded from 1 to n - [T4.S1-Sn]: Trump’s speech 4 (Remarks by President Trump to the 73rd Session of the United Nations General Assembly on September 25 th, 2018), sentence coded from 1 to n - [T5.S1-Sn]: Trump’s speech 5 (Remarks by President Trump in State of the Union Address on February 6th, 2019), sentence coded from 1 to n - Italic words are used for examples, and emphasis. - Underlined words are used to mark the use of what is being demonstrated. ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 4.1 The distribution of four main categories of RDs 39 4.2 The distribution of RDs 40 4.3 The distribution of Epithet 43 4.4 The distribution of Synecdoche/Metonymy 49 4.5 The distribution of Anadiplosis/Conduplicatio 58 4.6 The distribution of Anaphora/Epistrophe/Symploce 69 4.7 The distribution of Antithesis 87 X LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 3.1 Illustration of one page for the website 35 https://www.2 Number of sentences in PDT’s speeches 36 4.1 The distribution of subtypes of RDs helping with Style 42 4.2 The distribution of subtypes of RDs helping with 57 Organization 4.3 The distribution of subtypes of RDs helping with Analysis 68 of Reading 4.4 The distribution of subtypes of RDs helping with Strategy 80 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale For years, political rhetoric has been of great interest to many scholars and researchers all over the world.
Obviously, successful speeches often depend not only on political leaders’ eloquence but also on their use of language. These politicians often pay attention to a variety of rhetorical features to express their emotions, thoughts and ideas and thanks to this, to make the speech more interesting, lively and persuasive. It is true that language is one of the most useful instruments of persuasion. For this reason, in Language and Politics, Joseph (2006) states that language is political from top to bottom by illustrating the various ways in which the relationship between language and politics is ultimately dependent on each other.
To convince the targeted audience as well as to establish power in politics, therefore, suitable linguistic choices are employed in political speeches. What’s more, adding RDs in a speech is of great importance for political leaders to convey their arguments upon the audience, or to attain any political concerns. It can also be seen that a rhetorical device is considered as an illustration of using the figurative language, bringing a particularly rhetorical effect in a specified context. As a result, almost the political leaders use RDs in political speeches and seem to be good at eloquence.
In the field of discourse analysis, there are a range of scholars who have analyzed the language of politicians using different approaches such as Appraisal, Systemic Functional Grammar, or Pragmatics. To illustrate, Simon-Vandenberge (2008) made a linguistic study of Appraisal in Hillary 2 Clinton’s political speeches in comparison with Barack Obama’s political speeches. Additionally, Nguyễn Thị Thu Hiền (2016) investigated the interpersonal function in English press commentaries from functional grammar and evaluation theory. Moreover, Ye (2010) made an analysis on the interpersonal metafunction of Barack Obama’s victory speech.
In addition, Butkovic' (2016) conducted an analysis on the rhetoric of American politicians in terms of pragmatics and linguistics. However, there are not many studies of rhetorical devices that have been carried out on political speeches. This is because the audiences only often focus on the contents that speakers are saying more than the skills or techniques that they use in a speech to make the audiences assent. Donald Trump, as the 45th President of United States, has been dedicated to changing the face of American politics, transferring power to the people and pursuing the doctrine “America is above all”.
It is remarkable that PDT has made a wide range of various speeches during the first two years of presidency. Most of them have always created both huge influence and strong impression on the audience. By observing his speeches, thus, readers can acquire both the ways and the skills he uses in his speeches. Moreover, in order to provide an understanding of how RDs are employed to persuade people, I decide to carry out the research “Rhetorical Devices in President Donald Trump’s speeches”.
Aim and Objectives of the study 1. Aim The study aims at identifying, analyzing and categorizing the RDs of the political speeches made by President Donald Trump during the first two years of presidency. Objectives The study attempts to achieve the following objectives: - To identify and analyze the RDs appearing in the political speeches by President Donald Trump. - To categorize those figures under four main groups, namely RDs helping with Strategy, with Organization, with Style, and with Analysis of Reading.
- To compare the frequencies of occurrence of these RDs as well as among groups of figures. Research Questions In order to fulfill the aim and objectives mentioned above, the study will deal with the following research questions: (1) What RDs are employed in President Donald Trump’s speeches? (2) What are the frequencies of occurrence of these devices? (3) What are possible reasons for the underlying usage patterns of these RDs? 1. Scope of the Study As noted above, the study focuses on four groups of RDs helping with Strategy, with Organization, with Style, and with Analysis of Reading in five PDT’s speeches during the first two years of presidency from 2017 to 2019. More specifically, the thesis focuses on the appearance of sixteen major RDs namely hyperbole, antithesis, rhetorical question, simile, metaphor, parallelism, anadiplosis/ conduplicatio, enumeration, antanagoge, epithet, polysyndeton, synecdoche/ metonymy, hyperbaton, anaphora/ epistrophe/ symploce, personification, and parataxis.
Other RDs that are often said to be 4 minor types are not discussed here because of the limitation of time and conditions. Significance of the Study To some extent, this study is carried out with hopes that it will make significant contribution not only in theory but also in practice. Theoretically, this research may be a foundation for further researches related to RDs. Practically, it is considered as one of useful references for English teachers who can apply these findings into their own teaching and learners of English who want to develop their skills of writing oratory speeches.
The organization of the Study The study is structured as follows: Chapter 1 is the Introduction. It gives rationale for the study, states the aim of the study, and outlines the research questions, the scope, the significance and the structure of the study. Chapter 2 includes Literature review - a review of previous studies and theoretical background which presents the basic concepts and theoretical backgrounds related to the study. Chapter 3 entitled Methodology focuses on the research methods, data collection, data analysis, research procedures, and reliability and validity.
Chapter 4 deals with Findings and Discussion.