VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES LAM THANH NAM TOWARDS PAIRWORK AND GROUPWORK IN ENGLISH CLASSES AT HIGH SCHOOLS IN AN GIANG PROVINCE M. THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN TESOL Supervisor HO THANH MY PHUONG, Ph. HO CHI MINH CITY, May 2007 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I certify my authorship of the thesis submitted today entitled: TOWARDS PAIRWORK AND GROUPWORK IN ENGLISH CLASSES AT HIGH SCHOOLS IN AN GIANG PROVINCE in terms of the statement of Requirements for theses in Master’s Programs issued by the Higher Degree Committee. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other institution.
Ho Chi Minh City, May 20, 2007 LAM THANH NAM CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION English plays a crucial role in the context of international integration nowadays. As a foreign language, it is one of the basic and compulsory subjects at the high school level in Vietnam. Possibly speaking, the English teaching at high schools has made a positive contribution to the national manpower training and development. Such achievements resulted from the progressive effort of both teachers and students.
However, the reality of teaching and learning shows some defectiveness that needs to be overcome so as to meet the increasing requirements of the country in the current stage. This introductory chapter will indicate a problem concerned with English teaching and learning at high schools in Vietnam, particularly in An Giang Province. The research questions, the purposes and significance of the study will also be stated in this chapter. Background of the problem 1.
Setting of the study For the past few years, especially since the new Tieng Anh textbooks were put into use (in 2002), remarkable changes have been made in teaching and learning English at high schools in Vietnam, advocating the two approaches popular in the world and in the country as well: the learner-centered approach (in pedagogy) and the Communicative Approach (in language methodology). Dealing with the improvement in teaching this foreign language to high school students, the guidebook by the MOET points out: In the light of the learner-centered approach and the CA, the teacher plays not merely the role of a transmitter of knowledge but also the role of an initiator, an assistant, a consultant, a participant and a reference resource in the students’ learning process. For the students’ part, they not only sit face-to-face with the teacher, listening to the teacher’s explanation but also use English to perform communicative tasks in pairs and in small groups actively and voluntarily under the supervision and with the assistance of the teacher (Hoang et al. In fact, organizing the classroom for students to work in pairs and in groups, referred to as PW and GW in this study, is not a new concept in CLT since they have 1 proved to be extremely effective ways for students’ interactions via the use of the target language to communicate with each other.
Hence, PW and GW are implemented as an integral part in a large number of modern English coursebooks which are used by many institutions and foreign language centers in Vietnam such as Let’s Talk by L. Jones 1998, Language in Use by A. Jones 1999, New Interchange by Jack C. Richards 2001, Passages by J.
Sandy 2001, KnowHow by T. And positively, the set of new Tieng Anh textbooks in Vietnam is also included in this list. Therefore, whether teachers of English at high schools have been willing or, for some reason, unwilling to use PW and GW in class, they must be accustomed to these techniques of classroom organization in order to adapt themselves to the current trend in teaching English, and above all, to help students learn and be able to use English for realistic communication, at least in basic daily situations. Nevertheless, no matter how much the textbooks are improved and how advanced the viewpoints in education and training have become, still it cannot be so self-confident to say what is expected to happen should happen smoothly in the reality of each classroom, particularly in different settings with different teaching and learning styles.
Obstacles must arise in practice attributed to the teacher’s method, the students themselves, the materials, the classroom facilities for study, and so on. In professional workshops held every summer in An Giang Province, for instance, many teachers complain that the new approach is hard to apply to their students. Almost nothing happens when they ask them to work in pairs or in groups. The students are simply shy and unaccustomed to communicating with their peers in English.
If it might be a little luckier, some students turn aside to talk with their partners, but what can be heard from their exchanges is mostly in Vietnamese. Other teachers feel safer organizing teacher-led discussions rather than assigning cooperative work to their students. The reason is that they do not want to receive unpleasant complaints from their fellow teachers teaching nextdoor any time their students work in groups because of the intolerable noise they make. 2 What about the outcome of the teaching process? The percentage of high school graduates in English was not very high in recent years.
Specifically, this percentage in the 2006 graduation exam was 44.37% for the 3-year curriculum and 64.84% for the 7-year curriculum (*). It is not a satisfactory result after many long years of teaching and learning at school. However, the exam scores cannot assure a degree of reliability in students’ spoken and written English for communication since what they are asked to perform in the exams is chiefly their knowledge of grammar structures and vocabulary in separated sentence units. In his article considering the quality of teaching English as communication, Widdowson (1994) remarks “students in developing countries, who have received several years of formal English teaching, frequently remain deficient in the ability to actually use the language, and to understand its use, in normal communication, whether in the spoken or the written mode.” High school students in Vietnam are also in a similar situation, particularly those in the countryside and in rural areas where exposure of English is quite limited.
Having the same assessment as above, Le (2005) from the National Strategy and Educational Program Institute, in his article on the reality of teaching and learning English at high schools in Vietnam, reports that the syllabus and methodology have not given enough concentration on the development of communicative skills. Hence, after graduation, most of the school leavers do not have the ability to communicate in the foreign language as the proposed objective. This pitiful reality is being meliorated by many educational forces. More and more language teachers realize that: __________________ (*) Source: Department of Education and Training of An Giang Province - 2006 Since communication is a process, it is insufficient for students to simply have knowledge of target language forms, meanings, and functions.
Students must be able to apply this knowledge in negotiating meaning. It is through the interaction between speaker and listener (or reader and writer) that meaning becomes clear (Larsen- Freeman, 1986, p. 3 PW and GW, if used properly, can help to achieve that goal, i. these techniques can bring students more opportunities to interact with one another in the classroom, either in spoken or written language.
Therefore, a thorough understanding of what PW and GW are and how to apply them successfully in class is a constant concern of any CLT teacher. This study presents an investigation into the implementation of PW and GW in English classes in An Giang Province hopefully to make some contribution to the improvement of English teaching and learning quality in the home province. More practically, it aims to meet the need of the majority of English teachers to have an overall view of PW and GW as leading classroom activities shooting through the new textbooks which will be used on a large scale in the years to come. Description of high school education in An Giang Province Situated in the Mekong Delta, An Giang Province has a third-ranked city, a town and 9 other districts, each of which has at least one townlet.
The total number of townlets at the current time is 16, i. there are nearly 2 townlets in a district. For the last years, An Giang has recorded significant achievements in education with the total number of 52 high schools over the population of 2. (*) Supporting the policy of socialization in education by the government, An Giang's high schools are diversified into three types: public (79.2%), semi-public (17%) and people-founded (3.
Every public school has official teachers of English. Some semi-public schools may have guest teachers of English from public schools. Currently, An Giang has a teaching staff quantitatively sufficient for the need of the __________________ (*) Source: Population Committee of An Giang Province - 2005 provincial education. The latest statistic of high schools, high school students and teachers of English in the whole province is shown in Appendix A.
It is common throughout the province that most of the high schools have big classes in all the three grades 10, 11 and 12. Except for some classes at the only specialized school (Thoai Ngoc Hau school) with about 30 to 35 students each, the 4 other schools have big classes with the average number of students varying from 40 to 48 each. Teaching and learning at high schools are closely directed by the DOET (of An Giang Province) in training plans, student management and teaching methodology. For the English section, all the teachers of English receive professional training every year.
This professional training aims at providing the teachers with up-to-date information about the new teaching methodology and opportunities for them to share ideas and together solve common problems they have in their teaching. Purposes of the study The benefits of PW and GW in language teaching can be popularly found in the literature through the 1980s and early 1990s. This study is aimed to make an investigation into PW and GW activities to find out their roles in English classes at high schools. Students at this level are expected to be able to use the target language as a communicative instrument at the basic level of listening, speaking, reading and writing skills so that they can acquire knowledge of modern technology, learn about the world's diversified culture and easily integrate themselves with the international community (Hoang et al.
From the evidence collected, the researcher attempts to identify what factors help to foster PW and GW in classrooms, so more appropriate procedures and strategies for these activities can be sought to improve the quality of EFL teaching and learning at high schools. Research questions To serve the above-mentioned purposes of the study, two research questions were designed: How are PW and GW activities operated in English classes at high schools in An Giang Province? What factors contribute to the success of PW and GW in the classroom? 5 1. Significance of the study PW and GW are not new concepts to CLT teachers. But a thorough study into these ‘magic tools’, as called by Fujita (1994), is still necessary in the context of EFL teaching and learning in Vietnam for the following reasons: Firstly, this study is quite suited with the common trend of education in the world and in Vietnam as well.
One of the demands on modern education is to reestablish the values of cooperation in an increasingly depersonalized world. It has been suggested that we need an interdependent learning model in which cooperation is structured to be as competition (Rivers, 1983, p. In the current time of international integration, Vietnam’s education in general and English teaching in particular should take this into account.