NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SCOUR AROUND FIXED AND SAGGING PIPELINES USING A TWO-PHASE MODEL by - Zhihe Zhao A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment _ of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY December 2006 UMI Number: 3241370 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
® UMI UMI Microform 3241370 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.
Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SCOUR AROUND FIXED AND SAGGING PIPELINES USING A TWO-PHASE MODEL Zhihe Zhao has been approved September 2006 Par Cue | ee— — OL aa 875772 `ae YX Supervisory Committee ACCEPTED: xui Mb Dean, Division of Graduate Studies ABSTRACT A key aspect of design and the maintenance of underwater pipelines is the assessment of local scour and its propagation. Scouring around objects placed on a sandy bottom is very complex because it involves two-phase turbulent flows and a myriad of sediment transport modes. This dissertation addresses two principal configurations of scour around pipelines in two parts. First, clear-water scour around a long fixed pipeline placed just above a non-cohesive sandy bed is numerically simulated.
Second, live-bed scour around a fixed pipeline and scour below a sagging pipeline are investigated. These two simulations are conducted by using an Eulerian two-phase model that implements Euler- Euler coupled governing equations for fluid and solid phases and a modified k-¢ turbulence closure for the fluid phase, the modeling system being a part of software FLUENT. Both flow-particle and particle-particle interactions are considered in the model. During the simulations, the interface between sand and water is specified using a threshold volume fraction of sand, and the evolution of the bedforms is studied in detail.
For clear-water scour around a fixed pipeline, the predictions of bedform evolution are in agreement with previous laboratory measurements. Investigations into the mechanisms of scour reveal that three sediment transport modes (bed-load, suspended-load and laminated-load) are associated with the scour development. While some previously proposed scour development formulae for cylindrical objects are in good agreement with the simulations, scour predictions based on some operational mine-burial models show disparities with present simulations. iii For investigations of live-bed scour and scour under a sagging pipeline, the flow and pipeline evolve in two steps: (1) the local live-bed scour around the pipeline developed around a fixed pipeline; and (2) the pipeline is lowered to the scour hole in controlled fashion until it reaches the bottom of the scour hole.
Three sagging velocities are simulated, and predicted scour profiles agree well with the laboratory data. General characteristics of flow fields, including turbulence, suspension of particles and sediment transport, are described paying attention to their dependence on pipeline sagging. Scour profiles simulated are also in agreement with a LES-based numerical study reported earlier. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to extend my thanks to my advisor Professor Harindra J.
Fernando for his guidance, patience and support on my research work. I specially thank him for the many hours he spent going through my drafts and giving me resourceful thoughts to improve my work. I also thank him for showing me what it takes to be successful in the graduate studies and beyond. I am thankful for Professor Don L.
Boyer for his insightful suggestions on my research work. In addition, it is also a privilege for me to have Professor Ronald Calhoun, Professor Kangping Chen and Professor Mark Schmeeckle as committee members. Finally, I appreciate the administrative supports from Ms. Gabrielle Stidham, Ms.
Jennifer McCulley and Mr. This work was funded by the U. office of Naval Research through its Coastal Geosciences and Mine Burial Programs. TABLE OF CONTEN1S Page LIST OF FIGURES.
¬ e nee AcE ADEE ES EE MEAD OEE ESE EA EEO SH EEEOD SANE SG EASE EEG EE EE EEE HE eEeE ix CHAPTER 1. SIMULATION OF SCOUR AROUND A FIXED PIPELINE. nh ôn rr ra. Overview of Scour ModeÌs.
-- -cc cQ H nSnnnHY KH nh hy tên 2 1. MATHEMATICAL DISCRIPTION OF THE TWO-PHASE MODEL. cóc HH HT KH nh kh rên 8 2. Turbulence Closure for Fluid Phase.
Turbulence for Solid Phase.Q Q Qnn nh khu 12 2. Transport Equation for Granular Temperafure. NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND VALIDATION: FIXED PIPELINES. Mao’s Experimental Set-up.
cuc HH HH HH nh Ha 14 3. co HH HH HE ng eens xa 16 3. Simulation with Fluent. con HH" HS nà nhe bà 18 4.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: SIMULATION WITH A FIXED PIPELINE. Clear-water Scour SimulatiOn. co HH HH nh ki kệ 23 4. Sediment Transport MOd€S.
con HH HH nh kh. 29 vi CHAPTER Page 4. Bed-load, suspended-load and laminated-load.- co HS HH ng Ki ng nh vn xa 33 4. Calculation of bed-load and suspended-load.
Comparison with NBURY and DRAMBUIE Models. Formulation of NBURY and DRAMBUIE models. Comparison with NBURY and DRAMBUIE models ¬ 39 4. Conclusions: Scour Under fixed Pipelines.
SIMULATION OF SCOUR BELOW A SAGGING PIPELINE. 45 BÍNG: J‹àdv¿yraiadđaaiadaaai44. Overview of Sagging Pipeline Stfudies. TWO-PHASE MODEL, SIMULATION AND VALIDATION: SAGGING PIPELINES.- con HH KH ng nà ki KH TH KT ng tt easy 52 6.
Fredsge et al.’s Experimental Sef-up. ch kh kh nu 55 7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: SAGGING PIPELINES. Live-bed scour around a fixed pipeline.
Scour around a sagging pIpeline. Hs HH sees62 7. Comparisons with Cheng and Li’s Simulation. Vortex shedding in scouring DrOC€SS.c eeeenee ee eens68 7.
Comparison with Cheng and Li’s simulation. Conclusions: Scour under Sagging Pipelines.- REFERENCES COO e ORO R ERE HEH THREE EEE REE HEE EEE ODE EEE EET EEE REO EE SE EEE H HEE EEE ETHEL EHEREOED Vili LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page Fig 1. Numerical configuration for the simulation. X is in the streamwise direction, Y in the cross-stream direction and ở, the thickness of the sand layer.
Mao’s physical eXp€TIm€rt. ch nh kh 16 Fig 3. The Grid for the two-phase model calculations. The contours of volume fraction of the sediment at t = 0.
Note the introduction of an interfacial disturbance (arrow) at the beginning. A schematic diagram showing the interface, bed-load, suspended-load and laminated-load layers. Here d, is the diameter of the sediment particles, H the depth of the water, Y, the level where the sediment volume fraction is at 0. An example of the grid that was used for the flow model.
The bed profile is specified as the contour with a, = 0.5 obtained from the previous calculation step conducted with the two-phase model. Bed profiles during the development of s€Ouring. Normalized turbulent intensity at a location 1cm above the bed; w, is the particle settling velocity. The inset shows the location of turbulence measurements.
The time evolution of scour depth in simulations and comparison with equation (10). tu HH nàn En n kh K bh hà nÁg 28 Fig 10. Patterns of sediment motion from a flat bed, redrawn based on [8]. 30 ix Figure Page Fig 11.
Vectors of the sediment velocity u/U,, at (a) t= 10 minutes (b) t = 100 minutes (c) t= 200 minutes ¬. ee A nen L EA OA EG EO EA EEEAGSEG EASE DEES; ERED EE OE EE SE SESE SOSH SHEE ES 31 Fig 12. Normalized turbulence intensity profiles at various downstream locations (X = 0.6m) of the cylinder wake at t = 200 min.5 is chosen as the bed profile (Fig. Note the scale for up /w, on the upper left corner.
A schematic diagram for the formulation of recirculation in the sediment zone. The sediment movement is driven by interfacial shearing force and pressure 4 g-\e 0 ad. The bed load q, and suspended load q,. The arrow indicates the position of the maximum height of the sand mound.
Comparison of numerical calculations of the maximum scour depth with those predicted by the NBURY model. Comparison of present numerical results (for two sand-layer depth cases) with DRAMBUIE model predictions. The inset shows DRAMBUIE model reaches equilibrium after 1400 minuf(e€s. (iv) An underwater pipeline ready to be deployed in Port Kembla Harbor .ccc cece cece ccc ceececeseeesceneesseeeeeeueeseesnsenestseaveuveueseeeeeruueeuue 46 Figure Page Fig 18.
Fredsge’s Experimental set-up that mimicked the sagging pipeline [14]. The numerical configuration for the simulation. X is in the streamwise direction and Y the cross-stream direction. The contours of volume fraction @ of the sediment at t = 0.
Note the introduction of an interfacial disturbance (arrow) at the beginning. An example of the grid that was used for the flow model. The bed profile is specified as the contour with.5 obtained from the previous calculation step conducted with the two-phase modelÌ. An example of the grid that was used for the two-phase flow model.
Bed profile after the development of scouring around a fixed pipeline for 60 minU{€S. HH EEE ng Kon KH kg 61 Fig 24. Comparison of the scour profiles between the present study and Fredsge et al. (1988)’s measurements before the sagging starfS.
Comparison of bed profiles between the present study and Fredsge’s measurements at V,= 1.1mm/min and 12. Sagging process with V, =1. «cành enteneneeeeene 65 Fig 27. Maximum scour depth development at V, = 1.1mm/min and Fig 28.
Comparison of bed profiles between the present study and Cheng and Li’s study when the pipe reaches the bottom of the scour sole atV, =1.1mm/min and 12.‹ ch nhớ, 71 xi Figure Page Fig 29. Comparison of the scour profiles before sagging between the present study and that of Cheng and Li, and the experimental results, before the sagging Fig 30. Vectors of the sediment velocity u7/U,, during the sagging process with the sagging speed 3. The pipeline’s center is located at (0, 0.
l ¬- ee eteeseeeeeeseenenes 73 Fig 31. Sediment transport rate through the gap underneath the pipe during the sagging PTOCESS. Average Flow velocity (average velocity = volume/gap) in the gap between the Pipe ¡na 2v. Sediment transport (bed-load and suspended load) above the bed surface.
Normalized turbulence intensity inside the gap between the lower side of the pipe and the scour hole. The sagging speed is 3. Normalized turbulent intensity at a location midway between the cylinder and the sand layer gap, as a function of downstream distance for V, = J Vm [Mn 0 e cece cece cece cee enccneeeneneueeeessunseeeeeesuenaeesuess 81 xii 1. Simulation of scour arounda fixed pipeline 1.
MOTIVATION Continuous scouring around pipelines under the action of waves and currents has an enormous influence on the structural stability of pipelines and their environs. An understanding of scouring processes and our ability to predict scour around pipelines, therefore, are important in the design of offshore pipelines [44]. Scouring around objects placed on a sandy bottom is very complex because in most cases it involves two-phase turbulent flows and various sediment transport modes. The interface between water and sand bed is also intricate [29], wherein the flow alters the bedform, which, in turn, affects the flow.
Added to this complexity are the flow-particle and particle-particle interaction mechanics. Therefore, the Navier-Stokes equations as well as pertinent turbulence closure schemes need to be properly modified to account for the ensuing complex phenomena. The goal of the present study is to simulate scour around long cylindrical objects using an Eulerian two-phase model with the hope of understanding scour around and the burial of antiship mines that typically have kindred shapes; these mines are usually placed in the ocean bottom. This study is part of an integral team effort of the Mine Burial Prediction (MBP) program sponsored by the U.