Preface
1. PART I: BACKGROUND
1. CHAPTER 1: Introduction
1.1. Recent M&A Trends
1.2. Terminology
1.3. Valuing a Transaction
1.4. Types of Mergers
1.5. Merger Consideration
1.6. Merger Professionals
1.7. Merger Arbitrage
1.8. Leveraged Buyouts and the Private Equity Market
1.9. Corporate Restructuring
1.10. Merger Negotiations
1.11. Deal Structure: Asset versus Entity Deals
1.12. Merger Agreement
1.13. Merger Approval Procedures
1.14. Deal Closing
1.15. Short-Form Merger
1.16. Freezeouts and the Treatment of Minority Shareholders
1.17. Appraisal Arbitrage
1.18. Reverse Mergers
2. CHAPTER 2: History of Mergers
2.1. Merger Waves
2.2. First Wave, 1897–1904
2.3. Second Wave, 1916–1929
2.4. The 1940s
2.5. Third Wave, 1965–1969
2.6. Trendsetting Mergers of the 1970s
2.7. Fourth Wave, 1984–1989
2.8. Fifth Wave, 1992–2001
2.9. Sixth Wave, 2004–2007
3. CHAPTER 3: Legal Framework
3.1. Laws Governing Mergers, Acquisitions, and Tender Offers
3.2. Other U. Takeover Rules
3.3. Takeovers and International Securities Laws
3.4. U. State Corporation Laws and Legal Principles
3.5. State Antitakeover Laws
3.6. Regulation of Insider Trading
3.7. Antitrust Laws
3.8. Measuring Concentration and Defining Market Share
3.9. Example of the HH Index
3.10. European Competition Policy
3.11. Research Note: Event Studies Methodology
3.12. M&A Research: Event Studies
4. CHAPTER 4: Merger Strategy
4.1. Growth
4.2. Synergy
4.3. Operating Synergy
4.4. Diversification
4.5. Focus Hypothesis
4.6. Possible Explanation for the Diversification Discount
4.7. Do Diversified or Focused Firms Do Better Acquisitions?
4.8. Other Economic Motives
4.9. Hubris Hypothesis of Takeovers
4.10. Do Managerial Agendas Drive M&A?
4.11. Other Motives
2. PART II: HOSTILE TAKEOVERS
5. CHAPTER 5: Antitakeover Measures
5.1. Management Entrenchment Hypothesis versus Stockholder Interests Hypothesis
5.2. Rights of Targets’ Boards to Resist: United States Compared to the Rest of the World
5.3. Preventative Antitakeover Measures
5.4. Poison Pills
5.5. Corporate Charter Amendments
5.6. Changing the State of Incorporation
5.7. Active Antitakeover Defenses
5.8. Information Content of Takeover Resistance
6. CHAPTER 6: Takeover Tactics
6.1. Preliminary Takeover Steps
6.2. Tender Offers
6.3. Advantages of Tender Offers over Open Market Purchases
6.4. Proxy Fights
7. CHAPTER 7: Hedge Funds as Activist Investors
7.1. Macroeconomic Foundations of the Growth of Activist Funds
7.2. Leading Activist Hedge Funds and Institutional Investors
7.3. Hedge Funds as Acquirers
7.4. Hedge Fund Activism and Firm Performance
7.5. Buyout Premiums: Activist Hedge Funds versus Private Equity Firms
3. PART III: GOING-PRIVATE TRANSACTIONS AND LEVERAGED BUYOUTS
8. CHAPTER 8: Leveraged Buyouts
8.1. Terminology
8.2. Historical Trends in LBOs
8.3. Management Buyouts
8.4. Conflicts of Interest in Management Buyouts
8.5. U. Courts’ Position on Leveraged Buyout Conflicts
8.6. Financing for Leveraged Buyouts
8.7. Returns to Stockholders from LBOs
8.8. Returns to Stockholders from Divisional Buyouts
8.9. Empirical Research on Wealth Transfer Effects
8.10. Protection for Creditors
8.11. Intra-Industry Effects of Buyouts
9. CHAPTER 9: The Private Equity Market
9.1. History of the Private Equity and LBO Business
9.2. Private Equity Market
9.3. Computing Private Equity Internal Rates of Return
9.4. Characteristics of Private Equity Returns
9.5. Replicating Private Equity Investing
9.6. Board Interlocks and Likelihood of Targets to Receive Private Equity Bids
9.7. Secondary Market for Private Equity Investments
10. CHAPTER 10: High-Yield Financing and the Leveraged Loan Market
10.1. History of the Junk Bond Market
10.2. Leveraged Loan Market
10.3. Stapled Financing
4. PART IV: CORPORATE RESTRUCTURING
11. CHAPTER 11: Corporate Restructuring
11.1. Divestitures
11.2. Divestiture and Spinoff Process
11.3. Managerial Ownership and Sell-Off Gains
11.4. Activists and Sell-Offs
11.5. Shareholder Wealth Effects of Spinoffs: U. versus Europe
11.6. Equity Carve-Outs
11.7. Voluntary Liquidations or Bust-Ups
11.8. Tracking Stocks
11.9. Master Limited Partnerships and Sell-Offs
12. CHAPTER 12: Restructuring in Bankruptcy
12.1. Types of Business Failure
12.2. Causes of Business Failure
12.3. Bankruptcy Trends
12.4. U. Bankruptcy Laws
12.5. Reorganization versus Liquidation
12.6. Reorganization Process
12.7. Benefits of the Chapter 11 Process for the Debtor
12.8. Prepackaged Bankruptcy
12.9. Workouts
12.10. Corporate Control and Default
12.11. Liquidation
12.12. Investing in the Securities of Distressed Companies
13. CHAPTER 13: Corporate Governance
13.1. Structure of Corporations and Their Governance
13.2. CEO Severance Payments
13.3. Managerial Compensation, Mergers, and Takeovers
13.4. CEO Compensation and Power
13.5. Golden Parachutes
13.6. Compensation Characteristics of Boards That Are More Likely to Keep Agency Costs in Check
13.7. Role of the Board of Directors
13.8. Antitakeover Measures and Board Characteristics
13.9. Disciplinary Takeovers, Company Performance, CEOs, and Boards
13.10. Merger Strategy and Corporate Governance
13.11. CEO Compensation and M&A Programs
13.12. Do Boards Reward CEOs for Initiating Acquisitions and Mergers?
13.13. CEO Compensation and Diversification Strategies
13.14. Agency Costs and Diversification Strategies
13.15. Interests of Directors and M&As
13.16. Managerial Compensation and Firm Size
13.17. Corporate Control Decisions and Their Shareholder Wealth Effects
13.18. Does Better Corporate Governance Increase Firm Value?
13.19. Corporate Governance and Competition
13.20. Executive Compensation and Postacquisition Performance
13.21. Mergers of Equals and Corporate Governance
14. CHAPTER 14: Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances
14.1. Contractual Agreements
14.2. Comparing Strategic Alliances and Joint Ventures with Mergers and Acquisitions
14.3. Joint Ventures
14.4. Strategic Alliances
15. CHAPTER 15: Valuation
15.1. Valuation Methods: Science or Art?
15.2. Managing Value as an Antitakeover Defense
15.3. Benchmarks of Value
15.4. How the Market Determines Discount Rates
15.5. Valuation of the Target’s Equity
15.6. Marketability of the Stock
15.7. Takeovers and Control Premiums
15.8. Valuation of Stock-for-Stock Exchanges
15.9. Shareholder Wealth Effects and Methods of Payment
15.10. Exchange Ratio
15.11. Fixed Number of Shares versus Fixed Value
15.12. Merger Negotiations and Stock Offers: Halliburton versus Baker Hughes
15.13. International Takeovers and Stock-for-Stock Transactions
15.14. Desirable Financial Characteristics of Targets
16. CHAPTER 16: Tax Issues in M&A
16.1. Financial Accounting for M&As
16.2. Taxable versus Tax-Free Transactions
16.3. Tax Consequences of a Stock-for-Stock Exchange
16.4. Asset Basis Step-Up
16.5. Changes in the Tax Laws
16.6. Role of Taxes in the Merger Decision
16.7. Role of Taxes in the Choice of Sell-Off Method
16.8. Organizational Form and M&A Premiums
16.9. Capital Structure and Propensity to Engage in Acquisitions
16.10. Taxes as a Source of Value in Management Buyouts
16.11. Miscellaneous Tax Issues
Glossary
Index