THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM PHAN THI VAN FACTORS ASSOCIATE WITH ADHERENCE TO ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE TREATMENT AMONG ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS The thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, 2017 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY VIETNAM PHAN THI VAN FACTORS ASSOCIATE WITH ADHERENCE TO ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE TREATMENT AMONG ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS Health Economics and Management Code: 60310105 The thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS Academic Supervision Dr. TRUONG DANG THUY HO CHI MINH CITY, 2017 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com DECLARATION “I certify the content of this thesis entitled “Factors impact medication treatment adherence among essential hypertensive patients” has not already been submitted for any degree and is not being currently submitted for any other degrees. I certify that, to be the best of my knowledge, any help received in preparing this thesis and all sources used, have been acknowledged in this dissertation” Signature Phan Thị Vân Date: May 3rd, 2017 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere thanks to my thesis academic supervisor Dr. Truong Dang Thuy of Development Economics Faculty at the University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam for his enthusiastic guidance, useful comments and continuous support during my thesis completion.
Besides my thesis academic supervisor, I also would like to gratefully thank the Board of Director, Scientific Committee and/or Ethics Committee of fours hospitals: Tam Duc Hospital, Ho Chi Minh Heart Hospital, Ho Chi Minh University Medical Center and District 6 Hospital for their review and approval so that the research could be conducted at the hospitals. The next sincere thanks, I would like to send to the doctors and nurses at Outpatient and/ or Inpatient Departments of Tam Duc Hospitals, Ho Chi Minh Heart Hospital, Ho Chi Minh University Medical Center and District 6 Hospital, who had created good conditions so that the data of this research were effectively collected. Next to the last, I would like to sincerely thank all patients who agreed to participate into an interview on their visit date at the hospitals. Finally, I would like to thank my family members who unfailingly encourage and support me during the thesis process.
TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER PAGE DECLARATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATION LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABTRACT CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.3 Research methods and data .4 Structure of the thesis .1 Hypertension and essential hypertension .2 Experimental research reviews .9 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.2 Factors influence compliance. 17 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.2 Estimated analysis model.3 Interpretation of the variables .29 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND EMPITICAL RESULT 4.1 Descriptive statistics and basis estimation .2 Descriptive statistics in Adherence group .31 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.1 Result of full regression model of DMMAS and NEWADH .3 Correlation/multicollinearity tests .4 Factors associate with adherence .2 Model 2: Pill-counting without BMI. 46 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .50 REFERENCE APPENDIX 1: QUESTIONNAIRE IN ENGLISH APPENDIX 2: QUESTIONNAIRE IN VIETNAMESE: BẢNG CÂU HỎI APPENDIX 3: STATA OUTPUT 1.1 Socio-demographic charateristics 1.2 Perception of patient 1.3 Complex of antihypertensive drug 2. Descriptive statistics in Adherence group 2.2 Pill Counting Model TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.
Full logistic regression models 3.1 Full regression model MMAS-8-DMMAS 3.2 Full regression model Pill-counting – NEWADH 3.3 Full regression model MMAS-8- adjusted analyses 3.4 Full regression model NWEADH – adjusted analyses 4.1 VIF test for Multicollinearity - DMMAS 4.2 VIF test for Multicollinearity – NEWADH 4.3 Test for standard normal distribution of AGE and BMI 4.4 Pearson test for correlation between Age and BMI 5. Auxiliary Regression without BMI/without AGE 5.1 DMMAS: unadjusted analyses without BMI 5.2 DMMAS: adjusted analyses without BMI 5.3 NEWADH: unadjusted analyses without BMI 5.4 NEWADH: adjusted analyses without BMI 5.5 DMMAS – unadjusted analyeses without AGE 5.6 NEWADH - unadjusted analyeses without AGE 6. Descriptive statistics of concomitant diseases. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABBREVIATIONS BMQ: Belief Model Questionnaire CMA: Cumulative medication adherence DMMAS: Dependent variable defined as adherence in MMAS-8 model IPQ-R: Illness Perception Questionnaire HBM: Health Belief Model HTN: Hypertension MMAS-4: The 4-item Morisky Medical Scale MMAS-8: The 8-items Morisky Medical Scale MRCT: Medication regimen complexity index NEWADH: Dependent variable defined as adherence in Pill-counting model WHO: World Health Organization TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of dependent variables.
24 Table 2: Summary of independent variables. 25 Table 3: Descriptive statistics of socio-demographic characteristics. 33 Table 4: Descriptive statistics of patient’s perception of hypertension. 34 Table 5: Descriptive statistics of complex of anti-hypertensive drug.
34 Table 6: Descriptive statistics of socio-demographic in adherence groups: MMAS-8 and Pill counting. 36 Table 7: Descriptive statistics of Patient perception on hypertension in adherence groups: MMAS-8 and Pill counting. 37 Table 8: DMMAS full regression model. 38 Table 9: NEWADH full regression model.
39 Table 10: Changes in term of sign and significance of coefficients- NEWADH auxiliray regression. 42 Table 11: Relationship between factors and adherence- adjusted analyses – MMAS-8. 43 Table 12: Relationship between factors and adherence- unadjusted analyses– Pill Counting Model without BMI. 44 Table 13: Relationship between factors and adherence- adjusted analyses – Pill - counting Model without BMI .45 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com LIST OF FIGURE Figure 2.1 Factors influence treatment adherence on Chinese Patients .2 Distribution of positive attitudes in relation to the knowledge about the disease .1: Factors contribute to hypertensive treatment adherence .19 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com ABSTRACT Adherence to hypertensive treatment is important to contribute to blood pressure control and prevent its complications.
This research is to determine the factors associate with adherence to anti- hypertensive treatment among essential hypertensive patients”. A cross-sectional research was carried out on 164 essential hypertensive patients older than 25 years, treated at least one month. An adjusted Questionnaire was designed to interview patients. Adherence was evaluated by two models: MMAS-8 –DMMAS with score ≥ 6; Pill counting – NEWADH with rate of anti-hypertensive medication taken correctly during two last week > 80%.
Data were analyzed with STATA program using percentage, mean value, standard deviation, Breusch – Pagan/ Cook-Weisbergtest for test of heteroskedasticity and VIF for multicollinearity test. The rate of adherence in both models of MMAS-8 (DMMAS) and Pill- counting (NEWADH) were respectively found 127 (77. Pill-counting showed association between adherence and factors of age, married, college or university, gender, retied, treatment expenses paid by insurance or supported by family, income, number of taken anti-hypertensive drugs and medication side effect. In conclusion, factors of socio-demographics and complex of anti-hypertensive drug regimens impact adherence of patients.
The negative association between adherence and complex of anti-hypertensive drug regimens including number of taken anti-hypertensive drugs and drug side effects suggests interplay of other factors and needs further research. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION Prevalence of hypertension is globally estimated one third in adult, hypertension is briefed as global public health crisis as well as global public health issue [WHO, 2013]. In Vietnam, hypertension is also considered as a public health issue with its prevalence has remarkably increased since 1960. Particularly, the rate of hypertension in adult population was estimated about 1% in 1960 in Northern Provinces.
In 1976, the rate had increased to 1.7% of adult according to the first national survey in 1992, In 2002, the prevalence in adult of four Northern provinces was reported about 16.3% and based on result of a survey in adult, aged 25-64 years old in rural of Vietnam in 2005, the prevalence was 18. In a community-based study report of 2012, The prevalence of hypertension increased to 25.1%, among hypertensive patients, 48.4% were aware of their elevated blood pressure (BP) and 61.1% among of them had treatment with rate of blood pressure control was 36. Hypertension increased with age in both men and women. The hypertension was significantly higher in urban than in rural areas (32.
The proportions of hypertensive aware, treated and controlled were unacceptably low [Phan Thai Son et al, 2012] and this rate continued to increase in 2015 as the preliminary result of a national survey with hypertension rate in adult is nearly 48%, the survey also revealed that the higher age, the higher rate but the rate is increasing in younger person and this is a warning figure according to state of Professor Huynh Van Minh, chairman of Vietnam Society of Hypertension at National Hypertension Workshop held in Hanoi on 14th-15th May 2016 [accessed at http://www. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 2 Poor adherence has been identified as the main cause of failure to control hypertension. A study on black patients found that total of 75.3% of compliant patients had adequate blood pressure control versus 10.2% of non-compliant patient [Eugenia et al, 2005]. In another study, patients who did not adhere to beta-blocker therapy were 4.5 times more likely to have complications from coronary heart disease than those who did.
The best available estimate is that poor adherence to therapy contributes to lack of good blood pressure control in more than two-thirds of people living with hypertension [Healthline, 2015]. Uncontrolled blood pressure is putting patient at increased risk of hypertension- associated target organ damage and cardiovascular disease [A.Cameron et al, 2016]. High blood pressure increases the risk of ischemic heart disease 3- to 4- fold and of overall cardiovascular risk by 2- to 3-fold. The incidence of stroke increases approximately 3-fold in patients with borderline hypertension and approximately 8-fold in those with definite hypertension.
It has been estimated that 40% of cases of acute myocardial infarction or stroke are attributable to hypertension [Healthline, 2015]. The rate of compliance with hypertensive treatment in one-year study conducted in rural communes of mountainous areas in the North of Vietnam on 388 hypertensive patients age from 35 to 64 years old showed that rate of compliance was 51% [Nguyen Thi Phuong Lan, 2014]. Another study was conducted on 121 patients in public hospital, Northern Ethiopia in 2013 showed that 26.4% is non-adherent, 20.7% is moderately adherent and 52. The adherence of hypertensive patients has been attracting many researchers and many factors have been found to affect adherence.
Factors relating to socio-demography were identified including age (22.8% of those over 60 years old); place of living (16.9% for living in city versus 10% TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 3 of those living in a village) and a better level of education (17.6% university graduates versus 9% in those with lower education). Factors relating to number of antihypertensive tablet per day (37.2% among those taking more than one tablet) [Eugenia et al, 2005] or non-compliance rate was 34.8% of non-compliant patients related to financial reason, 16.2% reported as side effects and 60% factors categorized as miscellaneous included behavioral factors (forgetfulness, traveling with medication). Perception related factors (feeling well), treatment decision (eg. Prescription of locally unavailable drugs, multi medications and dosing regimen, premature discontinuation of treatment by physician; lack of hypertension education by physician or lack of knowledge of hypertension by patient found in a study was conducted on 225 Nigerian patients [Amira et al, 2007].
In general, there are many factors influence to patients’ adherence and non-adherence with hypertensive treatment as proved in many the above studies, however factors influencing adherence and non-adherence may vary between each studies or/and each country. Hence identification of factors influencing to adherence on hypertensive patients is very important to effectively perform intervention strategies. The purpose of this research is to identify factors that impact compliance on antihypertensive treatment of essential hypertensive patients at the hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.