MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY HUỲNH THỊ DIỄM NHƯ A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING IN AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE CARICATURES FROM MULTI- MODAL PERSPECTIVE Field: English Linguistics Code: 8 22 02 01 Supervisor: Võ Duy Đức, Ph. e BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN HUỲNH THỊ DIỄM NHƯ PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU NÉT NGHĨA LIÊN NHÂN TRONG TRANH BIẾM HỌA MỸ VÀ VIỆT NAM TỪ GÓC NHÌN ĐA PHƯƠNG THỨC Chuyên ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: TS. Võ Duy Đức e STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this thesis “A contrastive analysis of Interpersonal meaning in American and Vietnamese caricatures from multi-modal perspective” is my own work. All references and extracts have been distinguished by quotation marks and all resources of information have been specifically acknowledged.
I further certify that I have not submitted this thesis at any other institution in order to obtain a degree. Binh Dinh, 2019 HUỲNH THỊ DIỄM NHƯ e ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With the great help of my supervisor and all the lecturers of the course, this thesis has been possible to complete on time. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Võ Duy Đức for his patience, encouragement, and immense knowledge, and for valuable materials of a very new linguistic field and for the time he spent reading my drafts and for his precious comments.
Without his great experience and support, this thesis could not be done. He also inspired me to choose the topic for my research. My thanks particularly go to the lecturers who have been provided me with important knowledge and foundation for this thesis. I am also grateful for source of materials and helpful suggestions on visual analysis in my thesis of Dr.
Also, my sincere appreciation goes to the Head of Foreign Language Department, Assoc. Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn for giving me the best infrastructures and materials for following this course of M. degree in English Linguistics as well as the most convenient time for doing this thesis. I am deeply grateful to my colleagues and close friends for sharing me helpful materials, experiences and necessary sources of information about the study.
Last but not least, my great gratitude is devoted to my family, especially my mother. They have helped me overcome a lot of difficulties about the fee as well as the time in order to complete this thesis smoothly. e ASTRACT This study mainly investigates visual and verbal meanings in American and Vietnamese caricatures based on the frameworks of Visual Grammar by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) and Appraisal Theory by White and Martin (2005). Fifty American and Vietnamese caricatures were collected to explore prominent visual and attitudinal features in terms of visual and attitudinal meaning.
The findings indicate that in Interactive meaning, Offer Gaze between the viewers and the participants is the dominant type, Long shot is the most frequent choice, and Frontal angle and High angle are mostly used in American and Vietnamese caricatures. Moreover, in exploration of Attitudinal meaning in caricatures, Appreciation was found to be used with the highest percentage. The caricaturists in both languages seem to express their feelings and their evaluation about the people and the current society. Besides the similarities, some differences were observed in the two data sources.
One difference between them is that Vietnamese caricaturists tend to use implicit assessments more than American ones. Based on the results of data analysis, some implications and suggestions for further research were drawn out. e TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ASTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Significance of the study.
Aims and objectives. Scope of the study. Organization of the study. 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.
Grammar of Visual Design. Validity and Reliability. 37 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS. Findings of Interactive meaning.
Social distance in American caricatures. Social distance in Vietnamese caricatures. A comparison of Social distance in American and Vietnamese caricatures. Horizontal angle in American caricatures.
Horizontal angle in Vietnamese caricatures. A comparison of Horizontal angle in American and Vietnamese caricatures. Vertical angle in American caricatures. Vertical angle in Vietnamese caricatures.
A comparison of Vertical angle in American and Vietnamese caricatures. Findings of Attitudinal values. Attitudinal values in the American caricatures. Attitudinal values in Vietnamese caricatures.
A comparison of Attiudinal values in American and Vietnamese caricatures. 81 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. Limitations of the study. Suggestions for further study.
xiii e ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS (a) Abbreciations Auth Authorial AC American caricatures Cap Capacity Comp Composition Dissat Dissatisfaction Hap Happiness Insec Insecurity Non-Auth Non-Authorial Nor Normality Prop Propriety React Reaction Sat Satisfaction Sec Security SFG Systemic Functional Grammar SFL Systemic Functional Linguistics Ten Tenacity Unhapp Unhappiness Val Valuation VC Vietnamese caricatures Ver Veracity (b) Conventions AC (1-25): American caricatures numbered from 1 to 25. (Details in Appendix A) e VC (1-25): Vietnamese caricatures numbered from 1-25. (Details in Appendix A) - Boldface is used to mark the first use of technical terms. - Italic words are used for examples, and emphasis.
- Underlined words are used to mark the use of what is being demonstrated. - Plus (+) in examples are used to identify positive values. - Minor (-) in examples are used to identify negative values. e LIST OF TABLES Table 2.Realizations of types of interactional meanings .The system of Affect (White & Martin, 2005, p.The system of Judgement of Social Esteem (White & Martin, 2005, p.The system of Judgement of Social Sanction .The system of Appreciation (White & Martin, 2005, p.
Frame size in American caricatures. Frame size in the Vietnamese caricatures. Frequency of Vertical angle in American caricatures. Frequency of Vertical angle in Vietnamese caricatures.
Distribution of Judgement values in American caricatures. Distribution of Judgement values in Vietnamese caricatures. 75 e LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2. Main types of visual representational structure (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006, p.
Interactive meaning in images (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006, p. Contact of Offer (VC7). Picture taken from very Long shot (AC13). An overview of Appraisal resources (White & Martin, 2005).
Example of Un/happiness Affect (AC14). Example of In/security Affect (VC8). Example of Dis/satisfaction Affect (AC2). Example of Judgement (VC9).
Example of Implicit Judgement (AC12). Example of Appreciation (VC15). Frequency of Social distance in American and Vietnamese caricatures. Frequency of Horizontal angle in American caricatures.
Frequency of Horizontal angle in Vietnamese caricatures. Horizontal angle distribution in American and Vietnamese caricatures. Frequency of Vertical angle in American and Vietnamese caricatures. Distribution of Attitudinal values in American caricatures.
Authorial and Non-authorial Affect values in American caricatures. Distribution of Affectual values in American caricatures. Distribution of positive and negative Judgement in American caricatures. Distribution of explicit and implicit Judgement in American caricatures.
Positive and Negative Appreciation in American caricatures. Sub-types of Appreciation in American caricatures. Distribution of Attitudinal values in Vietnamese caricatures. Authorial and Non-authorial Affect values in Vietnamese caricatures.
Distribution of Affectual values in Vietnamese caricatures. Distribution of positive and negative Judgement in Vietnamese caricatures. Distribution of explicit and implicit Judgement in Vietnamese caricatures. Positive and Negative Appreciation in Vietnamese caricatures 76 Figure 4.
Sub-types of Appreciation in Vietnamese caricatures. Attitudinal values in American and Vietnamese caricatures. Rationale Nowadays, image, color, sound and action symbol which have been considered as a tool play an essential role in modern communication. Actually, through arts in general, caricatures in particular, the information is transmitted into “channel” to connect everyone in the world.
It can be argued that caricatures bring a mass of benefits in both education and entertainment. According to Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, that means they make fun because they are created by “a funny drawing or picture of somebody that exaggerates some of their features”. Additionally, caricatures can be found in textbooks like History, Literature, or even Geography. Also, the most important thing is that the feelings, beliefs, and values via caricatures strongly have significant moral lessons.
Moreover, the issues of modern society are being concerned strongly. Henceforth, Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) developed a grammar of visual design largely inspired by Halliday (1994)’s functional grammar. Kress and Leeuwen (2006, as cited in Hart 2014, p. 11) state “meanings belong to culture rather than specific semiotic modes and, although realized quite differently, many of the same meaning potentials may find expression in both linguistic and visual discourse”.
Furthermore, the framework of White and Martin (2005)’s Appraisal Theory is suggested for investigation the verbal meanings; therefore, provides a particularly useful and appropriate grammatical tool for analyzing aspects of evaluation. Having an overall view on Appraisal Theory and Visual Grammar will enable us to know more about arts discourse in general and caricatures in particular. A e 2 small amount of language is utilized to partially identify more comprehensibly the idea of the images. According to Brown and Yule (1983, p.
1), language is a system for expression of meaning: “primary function being interaction and communication”. It is believed that the language used in caricatures is considered as a means of comprehension, an aid. Moreover, caricatures in different countries have different cultural and social contexts. As a result, it is extremely obvious that the research on both American and Vietnamese caricatures leads to the difference.
What’s more, as a sub- category of caricatures, social caricatures bring us a tremendously sharp view of modern society. It is not surprising that a lot of linguistic studies are concerned with evaluation the meanings and the language in images. For instances, Economou (2009)’s study investigated verbal-visual news media texts basing on social semiotic theory, critical discourse analysis and Systemic Functional theory. Chen (2009) carried out a study on how linguistics and visual semiotics resources are used to convey Interpersonal meaning in multimodal textbooks.
However, to my best knowledge, no research has been done on American and Vietnamese caricatures with the employment of Visual Grammar and Appraisal Theory as a theoretical framework. For these reasons, it is essential to conduct the thesis “A contrastive analysis of Interpersonal meaning in American and Vietnamese caricatures from multi-modal perspective”. Significance of the study Analyzing American and Vietnamese caricatures has an important role not only to linguistic learners studying how language works with images together and its effects but to artists who would like readers to get a precise observation of contemporary life. The findings of the study will present an analysis of the evaluative meanings in terms of attitude in caricatures as well e 3 as visual analysis.
It will offer a detailed description of the attitudinal features of caricatures, contribute to answer the question of how to achieve the effectiveness of caricatures to readers. Moreover, the contrastive analysis of visual and evaluative meanings in American and Vietnamese caricatures is hoped to be useful for learning as well as teaching the Amerian and Vietnamese culture and serving as a reference for researchers who are interested in evaluating visual and verbal meanings in images. Aims and objectives 1. Aims This thesis is carried out to investigate Interpersonal meaning in American and Vietnamese caricatures.
Moreover, the final goal is to explain the similarities and differences between American and Vietnamese caricatures from multi-modal perspective. Objectives The objectives of the study are to: - identify the visually interactive and verbally evaluative meanings operating in American and Vietnamese caricatures based on Grammar of Visual Design by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) and White and Martin (2005)’s Appraisal Theory. - point out the similarities and differences between American and Vietnamese caricatures in terms of how Visual and Attitudinal resources are used in the light of Visual Grammar and Appraisal Theory.