VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY TRƯƠNG MINH THÀNH LIGNIN RECOVERY FROM RICE STRAW AND APPLICATION IN ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY MATERIAL (THU HỒI LIGNIN TỪ RƠM RẠ VÀ ỨNG DỤNG TRONG VẬT LIỆU CÔNG NGHỆ ĐIỆN HOÁ) Major: Chemical Engineering Major code: 8520301 MASTER’S THESIS HO CHI MINH CITY, July 2024 THIS THESIS IS COMPLETED AT HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY – VNU-HCM Supervisor: Supervisor 1: Assoc. Nguyễn Trường Sơn, Ph. Lê Thị Kim Phụng, Ph. Nguyễn Đình Thành, Ph.
Nguyễn Văn Dũng, Ph. This master’s thesis is defended at HCM City University of Technology, VNU- HCM City on July 1st 2024 Master’s Thesis Committee: Assoc. Nguyễn Quang Long, Ph. - Scientific secretary Assoc.
Nguyễn Đình Thành, Ph. Nguyễn Văn Dũng, Ph. Nguyễn Thị Phương Phong, Ph. - Chairman of the thesis committee Assoc.
Nguyễn Trường Sơn, Ph. - Spokesperson Approval of the Chair of Master’s Thesis Committee and Dean of Faculty of Chemical Engineering after the thesis being corrected (If any). CHAIR OF THESIS COMMITTEE HEAD OF FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING ii VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Independence – Freedom - Happiness THE TASK SHEET OF MASTER’S THESIS Full name: Trương Minh Thành Student ID: 2370084 Date of birth: 22/03/2001 Place of birth: Ho Chi Minh City Major: Chemical Engineering Major ID: 8520301 I. THESIS TITLE (In Vietnamese): Thu hồi lignin từ rơm rạ và ứng dụng trong vật liệu công nghệ điện hoá.
THESIS TITLE (In English): Lignin recovery from rice straw and application in electrochemical technology material. TASKS AND CONTENTS: Tasks: Recover lignin from black liquor derived from Vietnam’s rice straw and synthesis porous carbon material with Nickel doping applicating in supercapacitor electrodes. Contents: - Recover lignin from rice straw. - Create synthesis process for lignin porous carbon material and evaluate characteristic with electrochemistry property.
- Create synthesis process for nickel-doped lignin porous carbon material and evaluate characteristic with electrochemistry property. THESIS START DAY: 15/01/2024 V. THESIS COMPLETION DAY: 20/05/2024 VI. SUPERVISOR Supervisor 1: Associate Professors Doctor Nguyễn Trường Sơn Supervisor 2: Associate Professors Doctor Lê Thị Kim Phụng Ho Chi Minh City, July 1st 2024 SUPERVISOR 1 SUPERVISOR 2 (Signature with full name) (Signature with full name) HEAD OF DEPARTMENT HEAD OF FACULTY OF (Signature with full name) CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (Signature with full name) i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My name is Trương Minh Thành, I wish to begin by extending my heartfelt appreciation to the Examining Committee for dedicating their valuable time to assess and evaluate my thesis.
I acknowledge Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), VNU-HCM for supporting this study. I am deeply grateful to Mr. Nguyễn Trường Sơn and Mrs. Lê Thị Kim Phụng, my respected thesis mentors, for their invaluable guidance and insightful advice throughout this endeavor.
Their unwavering support and encouragement have been instrumental in enabling me to complete my thesis to the best of my abilities. I am thankful for their belief in my capabilities and their assistance in navigating the challenges encountered during the research process. I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Phạm Đăng Cơ and Ms.
Lý Bội Tuyền, who oversee the RPTC center, for their support and dedication in facilitating my master's research journey. Their assistance has been crucial in conducting accurate and efficient experiments. I extend my thanks to all individuals at the RPTC and Electrochemistry Laboratory for their enthusiastic assistance throughout the research period, which has greatly contributed to the timely and effective completion of my work. Finally, I'd like to thank Vê Liên Song Thư, Thái Bảo Phương and Trần Đắc Khôi for being the best companions working on this projects, who have helped me going through the hard time and struggles in the making of this research.
It is inevitable that there may be some flaws and errors in this project due to my lack of knowledge in actual implementation. As a result, I am open to following any advice and suggestions. With profound gratitude, ii ABSTRACT This thesis explores a sustainable approach to repurpose lignin extracted from rice straw black liquor, a byproduct of the rice industry, for the synthesis of lignin-based porous carbon material tailored for supercapacitor electrodes. The research endeavors to address environmental concerns associated with waste products, promote sustainable development, and mitigate controversies surrounding conventional supercapacitor materials.
The study begins with the optimization of lignin recovery from rice straw black liquor, aiming to minimize waste and maximize resource utilization. Subsequent steps involve the transformation of lignin into porous carbon material through controlled carbonization and activation processes. Parameters such as carbonization temperature and activation conditions are tailored to ensure environmental friendliness and resource efficiency. The synthesized lignin porous carbon material is evaluated for its suitability as supercapacitor electrodes, focusing on electrochemical performance and environmental impact.
The results highlight the potential of lignin-based carbon material as a sustainable alternative for supercapacitor electrodes, SEM images indicated that the porous morphology of carbon matrix is suitable for Nickel doping as the well-dispersion and good distribution of nano-scale metal crystal. The addition of Nickel significantly boosted the electrochemical properties of the material due to the fact that metal increase the pseudo-capacitance property of carbon EDLC, from 4.72 F/g of specific capacitance (LPCM) up to 37.15 F/g of specific capacitance (LPCM- Ni40). iii TÓM TẮT Luận văn thạc sĩ này đề ra một phương pháp tiếp cận bền vững để tái sử dụng lignin được thu hồi từ dịch đen rơm rạ, là một sản phẩm phụ của ngành công nghiệp lúa gạo, để tổng hợp vật liệu cacbon xốp gốc lignin phù hợp cho điện cực siêu tụ điện. Nghiên cứu này giải quyết các mối quan ngại về môi trường liên quan đến các sản phẩm thải, thúc đẩy phát triển bền vững và giảm thiểu các vấn đề xung quanh các vật liệu siêu tụ điện thông thường.
Nghiên cứu bắt đầu bằng việc tối ưu hóa quá trình thu hồi lignin từ dịch đen rơm rạ, nhằm mục đích giảm thiểu chất thải và tối đa hóa việc sử dụng nguyên liệu. Các bước tiếp theo bao gồm quá trình chuyển đổi lignin thành vật liệu cacbon xốp thông qua các quá trình than hóa và hoạt hóa được đánh giá. Các thông số như nhiệt độ than hóa và điều kiện hoạt hóa được điều chỉnh để đảm bảo thân thiện với môi trường và hiệu quả sử dụng tài nguyên. Vật liệu cacbon xốp lignin tổng hợp được đánh giá về tính phù hợp làm điện cực siêu tụ điện, tập trung vào hiệu suất điện hóa và tác động đến môi trường.
Kết quả làm nổi bật tiềm năng của vật liệu carbon gốc lignin như một giải pháp thay thế bền vững cho điện cực siêu tụ điện, hình ảnh SEM chỉ ra rằng hình thái xốp của ma trận carbon phù hợp để pha tạp Niken như là sự phân tán tốt và phân phối tốt của tinh thể kim loại ở quy mô nano. Việc bổ sung Niken đã thúc đẩy đáng kể các tính chất điện hóa của vật liệu do thực tế là kim loại làm tăng tính chất điện dung giả của EDLC carbon, từ 4,72 F/g điện dung riêng (LPCM) lên đến 37,15 F/g điện dung riêng (LPCM-Ni40). iv THE COMMITMENT OF THE THESIS’ AUTHOR As the author of this master's thesis, I solemnly commit to upholding the highest standards of academic integrity, professionalism, and dedication throughout the research process and dissemination of findings. I pledge to conduct my research with honesty, transparency, and rigor, adhering to ethical principles and guidelines set forth by the academic community.
Furthermore, I am committed to contributing meaningfully to my field of study by producing original and innovative work that adds value to existing knowledge and addresses pertinent issues. I will critically analyze and interpret data, draw valid conclusions, and communicate my findings clearly and effectively to academic audiences and relevant stakeholders. In addition, I recognize the importance of responsible and sustainable research practices. I commit to minimizing environmental impact, promoting resource efficiency, and considering social and ethical implications in my research endeavors.
I will strive to utilize renewable resources, repurpose waste products, and adopt eco- friendly methodologies wherever feasible. Moreover, I am dedicated to fostering a culture of collaboration, inclusivity, and respect in academia. I will engage in constructive dialogue, seek feedback from peers and mentors, and support the academic community through knowledge sharing and mentorship opportunities. Trương Minh Thành v TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT.
iv THE COMMITMENT OF THE THESIS’ AUTHOR. v LIST OF FIGURES. viii LIST OF TABLES. x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Introduction to electrochemistry .1 Introduction to supercapacitor. Fundamental Principles of Supercapacitors. Application of renewable resources to supercapacitor .1 Introduction to renewable resources .2 Application of renewable resources to supercapacitor.
Potential and application of lignin in electrochemistry .2 Black liquor from pulping of rice straw .3 Lignin from black liquor .4 Carbon aerogel material derived from lignin applied to supercapacitor electrodes .5 Metal-doped carbon aerogel material applied to supercapacitor electrodes. Domestic and international research on carbon materials derived from lignin applied to supercapacitor .1 Previous study in Vietnam. Previous study internationally. Essentiality, objectives, contents, research methods, and novelty.
Materials and methods. Lignin recovery from black liquor. Synthesis of lignin-based porous carbon material (LPCM). Preparation of Nickel-doped lignin based porous carbon material (LPCM-Ni).
44 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS .1 Overall characteristic of LPM. 58 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS. 80 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Typical supercapacitor charge/discharge cycle.
Three common monolignols in lignin: para-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol respectively. Chemical structure of lignin in softwood (72). Schematic diagram of synthesis process of carbon lignin aerogel 26 Figure 1. Annual trends of research papers on lignin in supercapacitors (93).
Scheme of preparing lignin from rice straw. Scheme of preparing LPCM. Scheme of preparing Ni-doped LPCM. Synthesis scheme of this study for LPCM.
Images of (a) lignin-ECH gelation after heat incubation for 24 hours, (b) LPM after freeze-dried. Effect of lignin concentration on the porosity of lignin porous material (LPM) .3 N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of (a) LPCM-300, (b) LPCM- 500, (c) LPCM-700 and BJH pore volume distribution of (d) LPCM-300, (e) LPCM-500, (f) LPCM-700. SEM pictures of LPCM-500 at different magnifications. SEM pictures at different magnifications of LPCM-500-Ni40 (a, b, c) and EDS element image (d).
EDS spectrum of elements in LPCM-500-Ni40. FTIR spectra of lignin, LPCM with different carbonization temperature. XRD patterns of lignin, LPM, LPCM and Ni-doped LPCM. TGA profiles of lignin, LPM and LPCM.
Cyclic voltammetry graphs of Ni-doped LPCM-500, LPCM-500 and Carbon black in NaOH 1M electrolyte with scan rate of 0. Cyclic voltammetry graphs of LPCM-500 and Ni-doped LPCM- 500 with scan rate of 0. Calculated specific capacitance of LPCM-500 and Ni-doped LPCM-500 samples from CV graphs. Nyquist plot of different asymmetric supercapacitors with a frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 100 kHz.
62 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Chemical composition of rice straw (63). Composition of various agricultural and other lignocellulosic residues (71). Similar domestic research on biomass-derived material applying in supercapacitor electrodes. Similar international research on biomass-derived material applying in supercapacitor electrodes.
Specific capacitances of agriculture-derived porous carbons. Application property of supercapacitor electrodes derived from lignin. Porosity analysis of carbon materials prepared under different conditions .