THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES NGUYEN THI THU TRANG DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS TO ENGLISH SPEAKING ENCOUNTERED BY SECONDARY STUDENTS IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE, VIETNAM M.A THESIS Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 THAI NGUYEN - 2024 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES NGUYEN THI THU TRANG DIFFICULTIES AND SOLUTIONS TO ENGLISH SPEAKING ENCOUNTERED BY SECONDARY STUDENTS IN THAI NGUYEN PROVINCE, VIETNAM M.A THESIS (APPLICATION ORIENTATION) Field: English Linguistics Code: 8220201 Supervisor: Nguyen Thu Ha, Ph.D THAI NGUYEN - 2024 ĐẠI HỌC THÁI NGUYÊN TRƯỜNG NGOẠI NGỮ NGUYỄN THỊ THU TRANG NHỮNG KHÓ KHĂN VÀ GIẢI PHÁP ĐỐI VỚI KỸ NĂNG NÓI TIẾNG ANH CỦA HỌC SINH CẤP THCS TẠI THÁI NGUYÊN LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ (Định hướngng ứng dụng) Ngành: Ngôn ngữ Anh Mã số: 8220201 Cán bộ hưóng dẫn: TS. Nguyễn Thu Hà THÁI NGUYÊN - 2024 DECLARATION I, Nguyen Thi Thu Trang, hereby certify that the research titled “Difficulties and solutions to English speaking encountered by secondary students in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam” is the result of my own research at Tan Thinh and Trung Vuong Secondary School in the academic year 2021-2022. I also accept all the requirements relating to retention in the library. The research reported was approved by the Board of Rectors at School of Foreign Languages.
Approved by Author’s signature SUPERVISOR Nguyen Thu Ha, PhD Nguyen Thi Thu Trang 15 January, 2024 i ABSTRACT This mixed-method study investigates the speaking difficulties faced by secondary school students at Tan Thinh and Trung Vuong Secondary School in Thai Nguyen Province, Vietnam. In particular, the research identifies affective aspects, linguistic aspects, instructional aspects along with some other external aspects that contribute to these obstacles and provides several solutions to address them. A total of 267 students completed the 60-item questionnaire adapted from Thảo and Nguyệt (2019) and Yaorm (2019), then 24 random participants were selected to join the semi- structured interviews. In addition, classroom observation was conducted in 8-period speaking classes to triangulate data obtained from questionnaires and semi-structured interviews.
The results indicate that several external factors, such as learning environment, cross-cultural awareness, and performance condition, had the greatest impact on students’ English-speaking performance. Then, affective factors put significant influences on students' capacity to communicate, followed by linguistic and instructional factors. The study additionally recommends that teachers should employ effective instructional strategies and that policymakers modify current pedagogical methods and curricula to better prepare students for success in English- language classrooms. Moreover, students may benefit from self-directed learning and the adoption of effective strategies to improve their English-speaking ability.
Furthermore, the study emphasizes the need for a multifaceted approach to teaching English language proficiency, involving teachers, institution administrators, and student participation. Keywords: speaking difficulties, affective aspects, instructional aspects, linguistic aspects, external aspects, speaking strategies. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The researcher wishes to convey her profound gratitude to the following individuals who have significantly contributed to the completion of this humble work. Nguyen Thu Ha, her adviser, who greatly gave her unending support and utmost guidance and assistance to the researcher, and who always gave her valuable pieces of advice for the success of this study.
All her classmates, who extended the warmth of their friendship to the researcher who made her strong to adjust to the new learning environment and who were always ready to share not only the happiness but also the sadness. Special thanks to the Board of Rectors, students and teachers who have sincerely given the researcher their support in conducting this study. Her beloved mother, Mrs. Nguyen Thi Kim Lien, who have always hoped that the daughter finish her master degree.
Her mother’s presence has encouraged and inspired her to pursue this academic pursuit. Her boyfriend, for his full understanding, unceasing love, sacrifices and support, he is her utmost inspiration in completing her study. And to EVERYBODY whose names the researcher failed to mention, her deepest gratitude and sincerest love. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION.
iii LIST OF TABLES. viii LIST OF FIGURES. ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. Background of the study.
Statement of the problem and rationale for the study. Aims and research questions of the study. Significance of the study. Scopes of the study.
Definition of key terms. Other external aspects. Organization of the study. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) by Vygotsky (1978).
Cognitive Load Theory. Cognitive Load Theory by Sweller (1988). Theories applied in the current study. Speaking competence of English as a foreign language.
The nature of speaking. Aspects of English-speaking skills. Characteristics of successful speaking activities. Speaking difficulties encountered by EFL students.
Motivation and attitude. Self-esteem and anxiety. Content of English teaching syllabus and curriculum. Feedback during speaking activities.
Lack of speaking strategies. Some other external aspects. Cross-cultural awareness. Solutions to overcome speaking difficulties.
Teachers’ encouragement and students’ motivation. Speaking strategy instructions. Innovation of teaching speaking. Settings and participants.
Data collection instruments. Semi-structured interview. Procedure of the study. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS.
Students’ English-speaking difficulties and their causes. Some other external aspects. Potential solutions to address students-English speaking difficulties. Teacher’s encouragement and students’ motivation.
Speaking strategy instruction. CONCLUSIONS, LIMITATIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. X SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW GUIDED QUESTIONS. XIII vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.
Oxford’s Language Learning Strategy Scheme (1990, pp. O’Malley and Chamot’s (1990) Taxonomy of Learning Strategies. Nakatani’s (2006) oral communication strategy inventory. Characteristics of the participants.
Reliability statistics of the questionnaire. Overall mean score of students’ English-speaking difficulties and their causes. Statistics on students’ English-speaking difficulties related to affective aspects. Statistics on students’ English-speaking difficulties related to linguistic aspects.
Statistics on students’ English-speaking difficulties related to instructional aspects. Statistics on students’ English-speaking difficulties related to some other external aspects .64 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) by Vygotsky (1978). Cognitive Load Theory by Sweller (1988) .12 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Meaning EFL English as Foreign Language ESL English as Second Language IELTS International English Language Testing System M Mean score MOET Vietnam’s Ministry of Education and Training NFLP National Foreign Language Project SD Standard deviation SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences TOEFL Test of English as a foreign language ULIS University of Languages and International Studies VNU Vietnam National University ZPD Zone of Proximal Development x CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION This initial chapter tries to clarify the research problems and rationales for the study. The aims of the study are also stated with the research questions, and then the study’s scope and significance of the paper are introduced. Last but not least, this chapter provides a sketch of the organization of the paper to orient the readers. Background of the study English has become a global language and its significance as an international means of communication has been increasing rapidly.
English is spoken by more than 1.5 billion people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken language in the world (Cohen, 1990; Hedge, 2000; Carter & Nunan, 2001; Hui, 2011; Gan, 2012; Minghe & Yuan, 2013). English is also the language of international business, diplomacy, and academic research. For non-native speakers, learning English is essential for communicating with people from different cultures, participating in global business activities, pursuing higher education, and improving career prospects. Therefore, learning English as a foreign language (EFL) has become a crucial aspect of education in many countries, including Vietnam (Ngọc & Dung, 2020; Phương et al., 2021; Nhung & Bửu, 2021; Nhung, 2022).
Speaking skills are an essential component of language learning, as they facilitate communication and interaction in daily life. According to Phượng (2017), the ability to speak English proficiently is crucial for students to participate in group discussions, debates, and presentations, and it is a vital skill for academic success and future employment opportunities. Nhung (2022) claims that English-speaking proficiency is also essential for students who plan to study abroad or work in international settings. Learning English has become increasingly important for non- native English speakers, especially in countries where English is not the first language.
Despite this, many EFL learners face difficulties when it comes to speaking in English (Mulugeta, 2021). These difficulties can arise due to a variety of reasons, including a lack of confidence, insufficient exposure to English-speaking 1 environments, and limited English language proficiency (Rababah, 2005). Therefore, it is essential to study English-speaking difficulties among EFL learners to find effective solutions and improve their overall English proficiency. Additionally, Linebaugh and Roche (2015) state that there are several factors that can impact a student's English-speaking skills.
These include affective factors such as motivation, self-esteem, anxiety, and attitude; linguistic factors such as vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation; instructional factors such as syllabus and curriculum design, feedback, and lack of speaking strategies; and other external factors such as learning environment, cross-cultural awareness, and performance conditions (Thảo & Nguyệt, 2019; Sweller, 1998; Robin et al., 2001; Pollard, 2008; Nhung & Bửu, 2021; Pass et al. Statement of the problem and rationale for the study Since the 1990s, as part of Vietnam's endeavors to integrate into the global economy and advance international cooperation, English language instruction has been a central component of the national education system (Tuấn & Mai, 2015; Nhung & Bửu, 2021; Nhung, 2022). As the significance of Vietnam's role in international affairs obtains international recognition, the demand for English proficiency has skyrocketed. English is widely regarded as "a bridge to the future" in Vietnam, both for the country and its citizens.
Phượng (2017) advocates that due to the perceived value of the English language, English language education has attracted unprecedented attention and massive quantities of investment from all stakeholders, including the Vietnamese government, instructors, students, parents, and the general Vietnamese population. According to Vietnam's Ministry of Education and Training (MOET), English is the most widely spoken foreign language in the country and is required in secondary and high schools. In 2020, approximately 16 million students were learning English in Vietnam, representing more than 17 percent of the population. Over the past decade, the number of students acquiring English has consistently increased, reflecting the growing significance of English proficiency in the global economy (Thảo & Nguyệt, 2019; Phượng, 2017).
2 Despite years of formal language instruction, the English proficiency of Vietnamese students, particularly in speaking, is far from adequate (Quyên et al., 2018; Châu et al. In response to a demand for reform in English education, MOET has issued a series of educational policies that revise the country's curricula, syllabi, and instructional methods. Communicative competence is highlighted as the primary objective of English instruction and study in Vietnam. According to Phượng (2017), the goal of education in Vietnam is to cultivate students' ability to use English in a well-rounded manner, specifically for communication.
Besides, Thảo and Nguyệt (2019) illuminate that new textbooks are being produced, and new teaching methods, such as communicative language instruction, are being promoted extensively. As English has become a core subject in the national curriculum, the emphasis on evaluating speaking performance has increased in recent years. MOET has emphasized the importance of speaking skills and has required schools to include speaking tests in their English language assessment. In Vietnam, English language proficiency is measured through the National Foreign Language Project (NFLP), which includes four skills: listening, speaking, reading, and writing.
MOET has developed English language proficiency standards for each grade level, and assessments are administered at the end of each term to evaluate students' language proficiency. Regarding speaking tests, Nhung (2022) mentions speaking skill is typically evaluated through oral exams or presentations in front of the class. In some cases, schools may also administer standardized speaking tests, such as the TOEFL Junior test, to assess students' speaking abilities. Nevertheless, numerous studies have shown that secondary school students in Vietnam often struggle with speaking English fluently and accurately.