BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK This page intentionally left blank BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Eighth edition R. TOKYO Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann is an imprint of Elsevier The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Eighth edition 2010 Copyright ª 1988, 1995, 1996, R. Greeno Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved Illustrations by the authors The right of R.
Greeno to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www. The book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing.
As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Control Number: A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-1-85617-805-1 For information on all Butterworth-Heinemann publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Typeset by MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company Printed and bound in Great Britain 10 11 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.org CONTENTS Preface to eighth edition xi Part One General Built environment 2 The structure 5 Primary and secondary elements 12 Component parts and functions 15 Construction activities 19 Construction documents 20 Construction drawings 21 Building survey 28 HIPs/Energy Performance Certificates 32 Method statement and programming 33 Weights and densities of building materials 35 Imposed floor loads 37 Drawings -- notations 38 Planning application 42 Modular coordination 47 Construction regulations 49 CDM regulations 50 Safety signs and symbols 51 Building Regulations 53 Code for Sustainable Homes 62 British Standards 63 European Standards 64 Product and practice accreditation 66 CPI System of Coding 67 CI/SfB system of coding 68 Part Two Site Works Site survey 70 Site investigations 71 Soil investigation 74 Soil assessment and testing 81 Site layout considerations 88 Site security 91 Site lighting and electrical supply 94 Site office accommodation 98 v Contents Materials storage 101 Materials testing 106 Dry and wet rot 121 Protection orders for trees and structures 123 Locating public utility services 124 Setting out 125 Levels and angles 129 Road construction 132 Tubular scaffolding and scaffolding systems 140 Shoring systems 153 Demolition 162 Part Three Builders Plant General considerations 168 Bulldozers 171 Scrapers 172 Graders 173 Tractor shovels 174 Excavators 175 Transport vehicles 180 Hoists 183 Rubble chutes and skips 185 Cranes 186 Concreting plant 198 Part Four Substructure Foundations -- function, materials and sizing 206 Foundation beds 215 Short bored pile foundations 221 Foundation types and selection 223 Piled foundations 228 Retaining walls 248 Gabions and mattresses 262 Basement construction 269 Waterproofing basements 272 Excavations 278 Concrete production 284 Cofferdams 290 Caissons 292 Underpinning 294 Ground water control 303 Soil stabilisation and improvement 313 Reclamation of waste land 318 Contaminated sub-soil treatment 319 vi Contents Part Five Superstructure † 1 Choice of materials 322 Brick and block walls 323 Cavity walls 338 Damp-proof courses and membranes 344 Gas resistant membranes 351 Calculated brickwork 353 Mortars 356 Arches and openings 359 Windows 366 Glass and glazing 379 Doors 391 Crosswall construction 400 Framed construction 404 Rendering to external walls 408 Cladding to external walls 410 Roofs † basic forms 417 Pitched roofs 420 Double lap tiling 437 Single lap tiling 439 Slating 441 Flat roofs 447 Dormer windows 456 Green roofs 465 Thermal insulation 467 ‘U’ values 472 Thermal bridging 488 Access for the disabled 492 Part Six Superstructure † 2 Reinforced concrete slabs 496 Reinforced concrete framed structures 500 Reinforcement types 510 Structural concrete, fire protection 513 Formwork 516 Precast concrete frames 521 Prestressed concrete 525 Structural steelwork sections 532 Structural steelwork connections 537 Structural fire protection 542 Portal frames 549 Composite timber beams 557 Multi-storey structures 560 Roof sheet coverings 564 vii Contents Long span roofs 569 Shell roof construction 579 Membrane roofs 588 Rooflights 590 Panel walls 594 Rainscreen cladding 600 Structural glazing 602 Curtain walling 603 Concrete claddings 607 Concrete surface finishes 614 Concrete surface defects 616 Part Seven Internal Construction and Finishes Internal elements 618 Internal walls 619 Construction joints 624 Internal walls, fire protection 626 Party/separating walls 628 Partitions 629 Strut design 631 Plasters and plastering 636 Dry lining techniques 639 Plasterboard 642 Wall tiling 645 Domestic floors and finishes 647 Large cast in-situ ground floors 654 Concrete floor screeds 656 Timber suspended floors 658 Lateral restraint 661 Timber beam design 664 Timber floors, fire protection 667 Reinforced concrete suspended floors 668 Precast concrete floors 673 Raised access floors 678 Sound insulation 679 Timber, concrete and metal stairs 685 Internal doors 716 Doorsets 718 Fire resisting doors 719 Plasterboard ceilings 725 Suspended ceilings 726 Paints and painting 730 Joinery production 734 Composite boarding 739 Plastics in building 741 viii Contents Part Eight Domestic Services Drainage effluents 746 Subsoil drainage 747 Surface water removal 749 Road drainage 752 Rainwater installations 754 Drainage systems 758 Drainage-- pipe sizes and gradients 766 Water supply 767 Cold water installations 769 Hot water installations 771 Flow controls 774 Cisterns and cylinders 775 Pipework joints 777 Sanitary fittings 778 Single and ventilated stack systems 781 Hot water heating systems 784 Electrical supply and installation 788 Gas supply and gas fires 797 Open fireplaces and flues 801 Telephone installations 811 Electronic communications installations 812 Index 813 ix This page intentionally left blank PREFACE TO EIGHTH EDITION This edition retains the predominantly illustrative format of earlier editions, presenting the principles of building construction with comprehensive guidance to procedures with numerous examples of formulated and empirical design. Summary notes are supplemented with references to further reading where appropriate. The content applies to both current and established UK construction practice. This includes the building and maintenance of housing and other low-rise structures and the more advanced techniques applied to medium and high-rise commercial and large industrial buildings.
Many examples from previous editions are kept as important references and benchmarks for newer applications. These have evolved in response to material developments and in consideration for environmental issues, not least with regard to energy conservation measures and sustainable building. The UK’s housing stock of about 25 million dwellings includes approximately 2 million units built in the past decade. Therefore, the aftercare of older buildings is an important part of the construction industry’s economy.
In order to represent this important sector of maintenance, refurbishment, renovation and remedial work, many established practices are included in the Handbook. Modern construction processes and associated technology are incorporated in this new edition, however the content is not extensive, nor is it intended to be prescriptive. Building design and subsequent construction techniques are varied and diverse depending on availability of materials and skills. This Handbook provided guidance to achieving these objectives, but sufficient publishing space cannot cover every possibility.
Therefore, the reader is encouraged to supplement their study with site observation and practice, with further reading of professional journals, legislative papers and manufacturer’s catalogues. Roger Greeno 2010 xi This page intentionally left blank 1 GENERAL BUILT ENVIRONMENT THE STRUCTURE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY ELEMENTS CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS BUILDING SURVEY HIPs/EPCs MATERIAL WEIGHTS AND DENSITIES IMPOSED FLOOR LOADS PLANNING APPLICATION MODULAR COORDINATION CONSTRUCTION REGULATIONS CDM REGULATIONS SAFETY SIGNS AND SYMBOLS BUILDING REGULATIONS CODE FOR SUSTAINABLE HOMES BRITISH STANDARDS EUROPEAN STANDARDS CPI SYSTEM OF CODING CI/SFB SYSTEM OF CODING 1 Built Environment Environment = surroundings which can be natural, man-made or a combination of these. Built Environment = created by man with or without the aid of the natural environment. 2 Built Environment Environmental Considerations 1.
Land restrictions by vendor or lessor. Availability of services. Local amenities including transport. Levels and topography of land.
Adjoining buildings or land. Use of building. Daylight and view aspects. 3 Built Environment Physical considerations 1.
Natural contours of land. Natural vegetation and trees. Size of land and/or proposed building. Shape of land and/or proposed building.
Approach and access roads and footpaths. Natural waterways, lakes and ponds. Restrictions such as rights of way; tree preservation and ancient buildings. Climatic conditions created by surrounding properties, land or activities.
Proposed future developments. 4 The Structure---Basic Types 5 The Structure---Basic Types 6 The Structure---Basic Forms 7 The Structure---Basic Forms 8 The Structure---Basic Forms Shell Roofs ~ these are formed by a structural curved skin covering a given plan shape and area. 9 The Structure---Basic Forms 10 Substructure Substructure ~ can be defined as all structure below the superstructure which in general terms is considered to include all structure below ground level but including the ground floor bed. 11 Superstructure and Primary Elements Superstructure ~ can be defined as all structure above substructure both internally and externally.
Primary Elements ~ basically components of the building carcass above the substructure excluding secondary elements, finishes, services and fittings. 12 Secondary Elements Secondary Elements ~ completion of the structure including completion around and within openings in primary elements. 13 Finishes Finish ~ the final surface which can be self finished as with a trowelled concrete surface or an applied finish such as floor tiles. 14 Structure---Component Parts and Functions Domestic Structures:~ 15 Structure---Component Parts and Functions Framed Structures:~ 16 External Envelope---Functions External Envelope ~ consists of the materials and components which form the external shell or enclosure of a building.
These may be load bearing or non-load bearing according to the structural form of the building. 17 Internal Separation and Compartmentation Dwelling houses ~ Flats ~ Note: Floors within a maisonette are not required to be ``compartment''. For non-residential buildings, compartment size is limited by floor area depending on the building function (purpose group) and height. Compartment ~ a building or part of a building with walls and floors constructed to contain fire and to prevent it spreading to another part of the same building or to an adjoining building.
Separating floor/wall ~ element of sound resisting construction between individual living units. 18 Construction Activities---The Site A Building or Construction Site can be considered as a temporary factory employing the necessary resources to successfully fulfil a contract. Money:~ 19 Construction Activities---The Documents 20 Drawings Used in the Construction Process Location Drawings ~ Site Plans † used to locate site, buildings, define site levels, indicate services to buildings, identify parts of site such as roads, footpaths and boundaries and to give setting out dimensions for the site and buildings as a whole. Suitable scale not less than 1 : 2500 Floor Plans † used to identify and set out parts of the building such as rooms, corridors, doors, windows, etc., Suitable scale not less than 1 : 100 Elevations † used to show external appearance of all faces and to identify doors and windows.