Dự đoán Khó Khăn Tài Chính và Phá Sản: Mô Hình Phù Hợp cho Doanh Nghiệp Niêm Yết tại Việt Nam

Nghiên cứu mô hình dự đoán khủng hoảng tài chính và phá sản cho các công ty niêm yết tại Việt Nam, mang lại cái nhìn sâu sắc và ứng dụng thực tiễn.

Trường đại học

University of Economics

Chuyên ngành

Development Economics

Người đăng

Ẩn danh

Thể loại

Thesis

2017

90
2
0

Phí lưu trữ

30 Point

Mục lục chi tiết

DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABBREVIATIONS

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Problem statement

1.2. Research Objectives

1.3. Research questions

1.4. Structure of the thesis

2. CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Why Vietnam?

2.2. Background to the Global Financial Crises

2.3. Literature review on credit models

2.4. Background to corporate financial distress models

2.5. Comparison of accounting-based and market-based models

2.6. Studies on financial distress in the context of Asia and Vietnam

3. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Estimating financial distress

3.2. Emerging market scoring model (EMS)

3.3. Distance to default model (DD)

3.4. Comparing Emerging market score model (EMS) and Distance to Default (DD) models

4. CHAPTER 4: EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1. Data descriptions and Signal of financial distress

4.2. Factors affect the financial distress

4.3. Financial distress in various scenarios

5. CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

5.1. For the Vietnamese Government

5.2. For practitioners and investors

5.3. Limitation and further research

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

Trích đoạn nội dung tài liệu

UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM HO CHI MINH CITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES VIETNAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS FINANCIAL DISTRESS AND BANKRUPTCY PREDICTION: AN APPROPRIATE MODEL FOR LISTED FIRMS IN VIETNAM BY PHAM VO NINH BINH MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2017 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDIES HO CHI MINH CITY THE HAGUE VIET NAM THE NETHERLANDS VIETNAM – THE NETHERLANDS PROGRAMME FOR M.A IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS FINANCIAL DISTRESS AND BANKRUPTCY PREDICTION: AN APPROPRIATE MODEL FOR LISTED FIRMS IN VIETNAM A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS BY PHAM VO NINH BINH Academic Supervisor Dr. VO HONG DUC HO CHI MINH CITY, DECEMBER 2017 LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com DECLARATION I declare that the thesis report entitled, “The financial distress and bankruptcy prediction: An appropriate model for listed firms in Vietnam” composed and submitted by myself in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Art in Development Economics to the Vietnam – Netherlands Programme. This is my basic work and conclusions drawn are based on the material collected by my own. I confirm that this work has not previously been submitted to any other university for the award of any other degree, diploma or equivalent course. HCMC, December 2017 Phạm Võ Ninh Bình i LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I am so appreciative and grateful to all the people who supported in some way to the work made in this thesis. I would like to express the immeasurable appreciation and deepest gratitude to my academic supervisor – Dr. Võ Hồng Đức, for his contribution of time, invaluable guidance, encouragement, and enthusiasm. It is really my privilege to work with him. Moreover, I wish to acknowledge all of the teachers and staves at Vietnam – The Netherlands Programme for their useful knowledge, advice, and suggestions while I learned at University. Special thanks to Prof. Nguyễn Trọng Hoài, Dr. Phạm Khánh Nam and Dr. Trương Đăng Thụy inspiring me to write my thesis as well as their believability play a key role in the success of my study. I would like also to thank my friends at class 22 for their friendship and constant support. Finally, I would like to thank my parents and an older sister who is always siding by side me in the difficult and happy time. HCMC, December 2017 Phạm Võ Ninh Bình ii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABBREVIATIONS AFC: Asian Financial Crisis ASEAN: Association of Southeast Asian Nations AUC: Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve BSM: Black–Scholes–Merton CPV: Communist Party of Vietnam DD: Distance to Default model EDF: Expected default frequently EMS: Emerging market score model GFC: Global financial crisis HOSE: Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange HNX: Hanoi stock exchange M&A: Merger and Acquisition MDA: Multivariate discriminant analysis ROC: Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve TPP: Trans-Pacific Partnership iii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com ABSTRACT In this fast-changing world, it is likely that potential exposures are present in all economic sectors. In the emerging markets such as Vietnam, financial stability is always an important topic to attract attention from academics, practitioners, and policymakers. The Global Financial Crisis in 2008/2009 was the most recent event in which financial stability of countries has been tested. During or even after the crisis, many nations have been still facing macroeconomic problems in relation to unemployment, a reduction of output, firms’ bankruptcy and a sharp increase of firms’ default risk which all lead to a serious instability. Although Vietnam is the country with the second highest economic growth rate in Asia and one of a few new emerging markets in the world, the economy has also been suffered to the financial risk. This study is conducted to obtain the following three objectives. First, this study is to identify early warning indicators of corporate financial distress (or the financial risk) using the accounting- based and market-based models. Second, the study is to build an appropriate bankruptcy prediction model, one of its first kind in Vietnam, using market data for listed firms in Vietnam. Third, the above bankruptcy prediction model is then extended by incorporating macroeconomic factors which are widely considered as key factors affecting the financial distress and bankruptcy of firms, to be named “a comprehensive model of bankruptcy prediction” for Vietnam. A key objective of this study is to develop a comprehensive model, which is the first of its kind in Vietnam, for the purpose of financial distress and bankruptcy prediction for listed firms. Using a sample of more than 800 Vietnamese listed firms on the Vietnam’s stock exchanges in the period from 2003-2016, which is then sub-divided into the pre-global financial crisis (GFC) period (2003-2009) and the post-GFC period (2010-2016) to consider the financial distress likelihood in different scenarios. The Emerging Market Score Model (EMS) and the Distance to Default model (DD) are used to identify early the signal of financial distress. A new model is then proposed by incorporating various factors including (i) Accounting factors obtained from the EMS model; (ii) Market factors from the DD model; and (iii) Two macroeconomic indicators, the inflation and short-term interest rate which are widely used in the empirical analysis of the topic. The Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curve (the AUC) is utilized to compare the usefulness of various default prediction models. Empirical findings from this study present evidence to support the view that factors derived from the accounting variables, market variables, and typical macroeconomic fundamental factors iv LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com have all contributed effect to the financial distress of the Vietnamese listed firms for the research period when they are considered in isolation. However, when a comprehensive model is developed, the effect of accounting factors appear to be stronger in comparison with the market factors. Findings from this study also confirm that the model of default prediction including (i) accounting factors and (ii) macroeconomic indicators appear to be performing much better than the model including market factors and macroeconomic fundamentals. In addition, market variables are less likely to affect the financial distress than accounting and macroeconomic factors in both pre- and post-crisis periods. When the attention is on the sectors of the economy, findings from this study present evidence to support the view that Vietnam’s sectors have faced a high degree of financial risk. Among various industries, the largest exposure belongs to Consumer Staples sector whereas Health & Education sector is relatively safe in terms of financial risk. Findings from this study shed lights to meaningful policies from the Government in relation to the financial distress of firms in order to achieve a financial stability for the nation as a whole. Listed firms are also advised that their accounting indicators have also provided reliable indicators to minimize financial distresses and appropriate policies at the firms’ level should be considered. Keywords: Financial Distress, Bankruptcy, Distance to Default, Macroeconomic Fundamentals, Vietnam. JEL Classification: F62, F65, G01, G31, G33, G34 v LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION. iv LIST OF TABLES . viii LIST OF FIGURES . ix Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION .4 Structure of the thesis. 4 Chapter 2: BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW .2 Background to the Global Financial Crises .3 Literature review on credit models.1 Background to corporate financial distress models .2 Comparison of accounting-based and market-based models .3 Studies on financial distress in the context of Asia and Vietnam . 20 Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.3 Estimating financial distress.1 Emerging market scoring model (EMS) .2 Distance to default model (DD) .6 Comparing Emerging market score model (EMS) and Distance to Default (DD) models 42 Chapter 4: EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND ANALYSIS . 44 vi LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.1 Data descriptions and Signal of financial distress .2 Factors affect the financial distress .3 Financial distress in various scenarios . 54 Chapter 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS .2 For the Vietnamese Government .3 For practitioners and investors .3 Limitation and further research . 73 vii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF TABLES Table 1: EMS score and equivalent rating . 27 Table 2: Mapping of S&P rating . 31 Table 3: Theoretical prediction of the effect of the accounting, market and macroeconomic variables on the default probability . 39 Table 4 : Description statistics of the dependent variable . 44 Table 5: Summary of statistics for independent variables . 45 Table 6: Correlation matrix and multicollinearity diagnostic statistics . 46 Table 7: The relationship between the default probability and EMS, DD. 47 Table 8: Credit rating of EMS model . 47 Table 9: Credit rating of Z-score model . 47 Table 10: Credit rating of Distance to default (DD) model . 48 Table 11: Financial distress of Vietnam’s listed firms: various models . 50 Table 12: Marginal effect. 52 Table 13: A measurement of model performance. 53 Table 14: Financial distress of Vietnam’s listed firms: various models in pre-crisis period (2003- 2009). 55 Table 15: Model performance measure in the pre-crisis period (2003-2009) . 56 Table 16: Financial distress of Vietnam’s listed firms: various models in post-crisis period (2010-2016) . 57 Table 17: A measurement of model performance in the post-crisis period (2010-2016) . 58 Table 18: Overall Distance to default results for sectors . 58 viii LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Vietnam GDP annual growth rate from 2000 to 2015 . 9 Figure 2: Vietnam’s Inflation from 2000 to 2015 . 10 Figure 3: Analytical framework . 24 Figure 4: Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (ROC Curve) . 43 ix LUAN VAN CHAT LUONG download : add luanvanchat@agmail.com Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem statement The liberalization of financial institutions among countries has stimulated a regional competition and this process has also provided an immeasurable effect on each other. When the Global Financial Crisis occurred in late 2008, it had caused great exposure to various national economies around the world and Vietnam is no exceptions. Nations around the world had witnessed various macroeconomic problems, including a sharp spike in unemployment due to a free fall of economic growth/outputs. In particular, credit risk has increased leading to the bankruptcy of many businesses which, among them, include some firms considered too big to fail. In Vietnam, according to the Ministry of Planning and Investment, new business establishment were 68,350 firms whereas a number of firms stopped doing business or went bankrupt were over 7,000 firms. In addition, a record of 47,600 firms had faced substantially financial difficulties to warrant for the decision to stop operating temporarily. These numbers of firms continued rising considerably in the first six months of 2016. In 2016, 18,916 firms went bankrupt and this figure represents an increase of 4.2 percent compared to the same period of the previous year 2015. Some cases are worth considering in details. The IDICO Join-stock company (PXL) incurred losses in three consecutive years and the company was forced to be delisted from the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange (HOSE) in 2016. In the same fate, Vien Dong Medicine Company (DVD) also filed for bankruptcy in the same year. In the area of international trade sector, the Phu Phong Joint-stock Company (PPG) had to be dissolved because their products produced from the obsolete technology could not meet the high-quality demand from the European market. Moreover, various merger and acquisition (M&A) activities were also taking place with smaller companies being acquired by a much larger corporation operating in the same area of business. A notional example can be devoted to the M&A activities where Thanh Cong (TTC) acquired smaller businesses including the Ninh Hoa Sugar (NHS) and Gia Lai Nhiet Dien (SEC).

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