Bệnh do dinh dưỡng 3. triệu chứng thiếu chất hoặc ngộ độc 1. Mòn vây FIN EROSION Deficiency of Lysine Tryptophan Zinc Riboflavin Inositol Niacin Vitamin C Toxicity of Lead Vitamin A 1. Xuất huyết vây, da FIN/SKIN HAEMORRHAGE Riboflavin Deficiency of Pantothenic acid Niacin Thiamine Inositol Vitamin C Vitamin A Vitamin K Toxicity of Oxidized fish oil 2.
Chứng đục nhân mắt CATARACT Deficiency of Methionine Tryptophan Zinc Magnesium Copper Selenium Manganese Vitamin A Riboflavin Toxicity of Choline Oxidized fish oil 3. Chứng lồi mắt EXOPHTHALMIA Deficiency of Pantothenic acid Niacin Folic acid Vitamin A Vitamin E Oxidized fish oil Toxicity of 3. Chứng vẹo xương sống Cá bơn (cá lưỡi trâu) 4. Tật ưỡn lưng Cá bơn bònh thường 4.
Tật vẹo cột sống/ưỡn lưng SCOLIOSIS/LORDOSIS Deficiency of Tryptophan Magnesium Phosphorus Vitamin C Essential fatty acids (lordosis) Toxicity of Lead Cadmium Leucine Vitamin A Oxidized fish oil 5. Chứng gãy cột sống 6. Chứng nhiễm mỡ(?) 6. Chứng gan béo (nhiễm mỡ) FATTY LIVER Deficiency of Choline Essential fatty acids Toxicity of Oxidized fish oil Deficiency Sign Nutrient Anemia Folic Acid, Inositol, Niacin, Pyrodoxine, Rancid Fat Riboflavin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C, Vitamin E Vitamin K Anorexia Biotin, Folic Acid, Inositol, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid Pyrodoxine, Riboflavin, Thiamin, Vitamin A Vitamin B12, Vitamin C Acites Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E Ataxia Pyrodoxine, Pantothenic acid, Riboflavin Atrophy of Gills Pantothenic Acid Atrophy of Muscle Biotin, Thiamin Caclinosis : renal Magnesium Cartilage abnormality Vitamin C, Tryptophan Cataracts Methionine, Riboflavin, Thiamin, Zinc Ceroid liver Rancid Fat, Vitamin E Cloudy lens Methionine, Riboflavin, Zinc Clubbed gills Pantothenic Acid Clotting blood: slow Vitamin K Colouration: dark skin Biotin, Folic Acid, Pyrodoxine Riboflavin Convulsions Biotin, Pyrodoxine, Thiamin Discolouration of skin Fatty Acids, Thiamin Deformations: bone Phosphorous Deformations: lens Vitamin A Degeneration of gills Biotin Dermatitis Pantothenic Acid Diathesis, exudative Selenium Distended stomach Inositol Distended swimbladder Pantothenic Acid Dystrophy, muscular Selenium, Vitamin E Deficiency Sign Nutrient Edema Niacin, Pyrodoxine, Thiamin, Vitamin A, Vitamin E Epicarditis Vitamin E Equilibrium loss Pyrodoxine, Thiamin Erosion of fin Fatty Acids, Riboflavin, Vitamin A, Zinc Exophthalmos Pyrodoxine, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E Exudated gills Pantothenic Acid Fatty liver Biotin, Choline, Fatty Acids, Inositol, Vitamin E Feed efficiency: poor Biotin, Calcium, Choline, Energy, Fat, Folic Acid, Inositol, Niacin, Protein, Riboflavin Fragility: erythrocytes Biotin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin E Fragility: fin Folic Acid Fragmentation of erythrocytes Biotin, Vitamin B12, Vitamin E Gasping, rapid Pyrodoxine Goitre Iodine Growth, poor Biotin, Calcium, Choline, Energy, Fat, Folic Acid Inositol, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Protein, Pyrodoxine Riboflavin, Thiamin, Vitamin A, Vitamin B12 Vitamin C, Vitamin E Hematocrit, reduced Iron, Vitamin C, Vitamin E Hemoglobin, low Iron, Vitamin B12, Vitamin C Hemorrhage: eye Riboflavin, Vitamin A Hemorrhage: gill Vitamin C Hemorrhage: kidney Choline, Vitamin A, Vitamin C Hemorrhage: liver Vitamin C Hemorrhage: skin Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Riboflavin, Vitamin A, Vitamin C Irritability Fatty Acids, Pyrodoxin, Thiamin Deficiency Sign Nutrient Lesion: colon Biotin, Niacin Lesion: eye Methionine, Riboflavin, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Zinc Lesion: skin Biotin, Inositol, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid Lethargy Folic Acid, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Thiamin Lipoid liver Fatty Acids, Rancid fat Lordosis Vitamin C Myopathy, cardiac Essential Fatty Acids Necrosis : liver Pantothenic Acid Nerve disorder Pyrodoxine, Thiamin Pale liver (glycogen accumulation) High Digestible Carbohydrate, Biotin Photophobia Niacin, Riboflavin Pinhead Starvation Pigmentation, iris Riboflavin Prostration Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin C Rigor mortis, rapid Pyrodoxine Scoliosis Phosphorus, Tryptophan, Vitamin C, Vitamin D Shock syndrome Essential Fatty Acids Slime, blue Biotin, Pyrodoxine Spasm, muscle Niacin Swimming, erratic Pyrodoxine Swimming, upside down Pantothenic Acid Tetany, white muscle Niacin, Vitamin D Vascularization, cornea Riboflavin 3.
Bệnh do dinh dưỡng 3. Rối loạn do protein 3. Bệnh do dinh dưỡng 3. Rối loạn do lipid 1.
Thiếu các AA thiết yếu Limiting EAA Fish species Deficiency signs1 Oncorhynchus Lysine Dorsal/caudal fin erosion (1,2), increased mortality (2) mykiss Cyprinus Increased mortality (3) carpio Methionine O. mykiss Cataract (4,5,14) Salmo salar Cataract (6) Tryptophan O. mykiss Scoliosis2 (7–10), lordosis 2 (7,10), renal calcinosis (8), cataract (7,9), caudal fin erosion, decreased carcass lipid content (9); elevated Ca, Mag, Na and K carcass concentration (7) Scoliosis (11) Oncorhynchus Scoliosis (12,13), cataract (13)3 nerka Oncorhynchus keta Scoliosis (12) Oncorhynchus kisutch Increased mortality and incidence of lordosis observed with dietary deficiencies of Miscellaneous C. carpio leucine, isoleucine, lysine, arginine and histidine (3) Feedstuff Ref2 THR VAL MET CYS IIS LEU PHE TYR LYS HIS ARG TRP LAA Chick pea 1 64* 89 63* 104 119 110 113 86 72 100 166 129 Met Yellow lupin 2 66* 81 20* 126 117 125 85 94 64* 117 192 135 Met Haricot bean 1 80 103 43* 67* 120 121 118 83 92 127 104 129 Met Safflower 2 68* 125 63* 141 111 99 101 100 43* 121 181 118 Lys Palm kernel 2 62* 113 94 133 95 89 72 78 41* 98 225 311 Lys * Cottonseed 2 65 102 52* 118 92 94 122 89 52* 117 205 141 Lys * Sunflower 2 65 124 83 137 115 104 109 91 42* 119 159 165 Lys Linseed 2 71 122 93 156 111 90 105 92 43* 100 174 182 Lys * Sesame 2 58 98 109 148 91 105 86 114 33* 114 211 153 Lys * Coconut 4 65 114 61* 96 115 112 95 92 37* 81 217 123 Lys * * Groundnut 4 55 99 39 133 117 100 107 117 53* 100 196 141 Met Rapeseed 4 93 118 83 70 113 116 94 77 74 131 112 159 Cys * Soybean 4 74 101 46 130 128 115 105 97 76 106 123 176 Met * Potato protein meal 5 89 125 63 96 128 120 112 149 74 73 73 118 Met * Bakers dried yeast 4 93 116 63 85 139 112 91 108 86 106 89 141 Met Whole hen's egg 8 77 125 100 130 132 109 97 98 78 92 96 135 Thr Fish muscle 9 83 98 98 85 108 110 80 117 101 121 97 135 Phe Fish meal (herring) 4 76 127 109 78 117 107 80 95 89 96 111 123 Thr Fish meal (white) 4 81 106 104 93 121 109 81 94 90 94 116 129 Thr * Fish protein concentr.
2 83 110 118 63 127 109 85 103 92 90 95 153 Cys Fish silage 10 98 122 72 72 101 129 120 94 98 121 108 59* Trp Whole shrimp meal 2 83 97 109 85 112 106 95 105 86 73 134 106 His * Meat and bone meal 4 77 128 59 89 109 113 88 60* 86 100 150 88 Met * * Blood meal 4 69* 158 33 52 24* 162 124 69* 89 214 62* 123 IIs Liver meal 2 76 135 72 89 105 121 109 106 71 98 105 153 Lys * Poultry byproduct meal 4 76 125 81 141 132 123 80 60 71 87 134 112 Tyr * * Hydrolyzed feathers 4 91 164 24 289 131 124 78 86 33 50* 147 76 Met Earthworm meal 11 107 99 106 52* 112 124 84 108 79 125 98 82 Cys 3. Tính độc của AA • non-protein amino acids • Mimosime : Leucaena leucocephala • Canavanine : Sesbania grandiflora and Canavalia ensiformis • IAA in excess : Ex.4% Leucine for rainbow trout 3. Tính độc của AA 3. Bệnh do dinh dưỡng 3.
Rối loạn do chất khoáng 1. PHOSPHORUS (P) Element/fish sp. Deficiency signs1 PHOSPHORUS (P) C. carpio Reduced growth, poor feed efficiency (1,2), bone demineralization, skeletal deformity, abnormal calcification of ribs and the soft rays of the pectoral fin (1), cranial deformity (1,3), increased visceral fat (4) I.
punctatus Reduced growth, poor feed efficiency (5), bone demineralization (5,6) P. major Reduced growth, poor feed efficiency, bone demineralization, increased muscle, liver and vertebrae lipid content (7), curved and enlarged spongy vertebrae (8), decreased liver glycogen (9) A.japonica Anorexia, reduced growth (10) O.mykiss Reduced growth, poor feed efficiency, bone demineralization (13,14) S. salar Reduced growth, poor feed efficiency, bone demineralization (13,14) PHOSPHORUS availability (%) Dietary source Channel catfish Common carp Rainbow trout PHOSPHATES (PO4) Sodium PO4, monobasic 90 94 98 Potassium PO4, mono - 94 98 Calcium PO4, monobasic 94 94 94 Calcium PO4, dibasic 65 46 71 Calcium PO4, tribasic - 13 64 FISH MEALS White fishmeal - 0–18 66 Brown fishmeal - 24 74 Anchovy fishmeal 40 - - Menhaden fishmeal 39 - - PROTEIN SOURCES Egg albumin 71 - - Casein 90 97 90 Brewers yeast - 93 91 PLANT PRODUCTS Rice bran - 25 19 Wheat germ - 57 58 Wheat middlings 28 - - Corn, ground 25 - - Soybean meal, + hulls 50 - - Soybean meal, dehulled 29–54 - - Phytate 0 8–38 0–19 1 Source: NRC (1983) 2. punctatus Reduced growth, low carcass ash, Ca and P content (fed vitamin D deficient diet, 6) O.
mykiss Anorexia, poor growth and feed efficiency (15) A.japonica Anorexia, poor growth and feed efficiency (16) P.major Anorexia, poor growth and feed efficiency (17) 3. tshawytscha Reduced growth and feed efficiency, anorexia, convulsions, tetany, death (42) 4. MAGNESIUM (Mg) MAGNESIUM (Mg) Reduced growth (11,18), sluggishness, anorexia, convulsions, high mortality, reduced bone C. carpio magnesium content (11), cataracts (18) Anorexia, reduced growth, sluggishness, muscle flaccidity, high mortality, depressed Mg I.
punctatus content in body and blood serum/bone (19) A. japonica Anorexia, reduced growth (20) Reduced growth (21–24), anorexia (22–23), cataract(25), sluggishness, calcinosis of kidney (21–22), increased mortality, vertebral curvature, degeneration of muscle fibres and O. mykiss epithelial cells of pyloric caeca and gill filaments (23), reduced bone ash, Mg and elevated Ca content (24) Poecilia reticulata Reduced growth and feed efficiency, high mortality (43) 5. IRON (Fe), ZINC (Zn), MANGANESE (Mn), COPPER (Cu) IRON (Fe) Hypochromic microcytic anaemia (C.
major-27, Salvelinus fontinalis-28, A. General japonica-20) Element/fish sp. Deficiency signs1 ZINC (Zn) I. punctatus Reduced growth and appetite, depressed bone Ca and Zn content, and serum Zn (29) Reduced growth (18,30), cataracts (18), loss of appetite, high mortality, erosion of fins and C.
carpio skin, elevated tissue concentration of Fe and Cu in intestine and hepatopancreas (30) Reduced growth (25,31–32,44), increased mortality (31–32), cataracts (25,31,44), short O. mykiss body dwarfism (25,44), fin erosion (31) MANGANESE (Mn) O. mossambicus Reduced growth and appetite, loss of equilibrium, mortality (33) C. carpio Reduced growth (34,18), short body dwarfism, cataracts (18) O.
carpio Reduced growth (34,18), cataracts (18) 6. carpio Reduced growth (18,38), cataracts (18), anaemia (38) I. punctatus Reduced growth (39) IODINE Salmonids Thyroid hyperplasia (goitre, 40–41) 6. Tính độc của khoáng Element Fish species Toxicity signs1 Zinc C.
carpio Reduced growth (dietary level above 300mg/kg; 1) Copper l. punctatus Reduced growth (dietary level above 15mg/kg; 2) Reduced growth and feed efficiency, high mortality (dietary level above 13mg/kg (3,4), Selenium O. Cadmium Scoliosis, hyperactivity, decreased bone calcium content (7– 10) carpio Lead O. mykiss Scoliosis, lordosis, black tail, anaemia, degeneration of caudal fin (11) Chromium O.
mykiss Reduced growth and feed efficiency (12) 3. Bệnh do dinh dưỡng 3. Rối loạn do vitamin 1. ASCORBIC ACID (VIT C) ASCORBIC ACID (vitamin C) Salmonids Reduced growth, impaired collagen formation, scoliosis, lordosis, internal/fin haemorrhage, dark colouration, distorted/twisted gill filaments, poor wound repair, increased mortality, reduced egg hatchability (1–12) Reduced growth, scoliosis, lordosis, increased disease susceptibility, broken back syndrome, I.
punctatus internal and external haemorrhage, fin erosion, dark skin colour, anorexia, erratic swimming behaviour (13–21) C. major Reduced growth (22,38), high mortality (38) A. japonica Reduced growth, fin/head erosion, lower jaw erosion (23) C. punctata Scoliosis, lordosis, anaemia, distorted gill filaments (24) Scoliosis, lordosis, reduced growth/wound repair, internal/external haemorrhage, caudal fin Tilapia erosion, exophthalmia, anaemia, reduced egg hatchability (25–26) C.
batrachus Scoliosis, external haemorrhage, fin erosion, dark skin colouration (27) Cirrhina mrigala Reduced growth, increased mortality, scoliosis, lordosis, hypochromic macrocytic anaemia (28) S. maximus Reduced growth, renal granuloma, mortality (29–31, 37) Pleuronectes Reduced growth and survival (32) platessa Reduced growth, dark colouration, loss of equilibrium, caudal fin erosion, haemorrhagic gills, L.