VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HOCHIMINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES -----H I----- TRAN NGOC MAI SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR THE TRANSLATION OF THE DUMMY – SUBJECT “IT” INTO VIETNAMESE FROM THE VIEW OF FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in TESOL Supervisor NGUYEÃN VAÊN MÖÔØI, Ph. Hochiminh City,2006 STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I certify that this thesis entitled “Some suggestions for the translation of the Dummy Subject “IT” into Vietnamese from the view of Functional Grammar” is my own work. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. Hochiminh City, April 9th, 2006 Tran Ngoc Mai 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Dr.
Nguyen Van Muoi, who has given me helpful advice, endless guidance, useful references for the accomplishment of the study. I must acknowledge my great indebtedness to my teachers at The University of Social Sciences and Humanities for their lectures on the area of valuable knowledge which has helped to shape the ideas for my study. I am also grateful to my friends for useful sources of materials and constant support while the work was in progress. My special thanks go to Mr.
Dao Dat Cuong and Mrs. Nguyen Thi Le Hang for their help with precious advice and constant encouragement for my thesis. My sincere thanks are due to a number of colleagues and students for their help with the data collection for the study. Last, but not least, I owe deep thanks to my family, my parents, brother and sister, for their love and support.
Without their understanding this thesis could not be finished. WYZX 3 ABSTRACT The thesis studies the expressions of dummy subject IT in English and its translation into Vietnamese. The Prop IT, anticipatory It and Dummy Subject IT in cleft sentences were investigated from different viewpoints: semantic, syntactic and pragmatic. So were their translations into Vietnamese.
The thesis was written for the purpose of identifying the students’ common problems in translating this dummy subject, as well as the causes of the problems. A questionnaire was designed to survey the students’ understanding towards the Dummy Subject IT. The result of the survey revealed that there was a lack of students’ knowledge in the Dummy Subject It. The solution was to find out the common rules so that it was easier for students to memorize them.
The method mainly used in the study was inductive method. The rules of using and translating Dummy Subject It drawn by observing many examples taken from novels, grammar books, textbooks, magazines and newspapers, were discussed in this study. The findings indicated that the structures containing Dummy Subject IT expressed the modality very clearly in Vietnamese translation. In addition, the translations from English into Vietnamese converge on some very clear formulas.
And from the study findings, solutions and implications to these problems were suggested as useful contributions to the teaching and learning of grammar and translation, that is, the translation in general and of the dummy subject in particular. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 5 GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS.
Aims of the study and overview of the thesis. Scope of the Study. Design of the study. 17 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW.
THE TRANSLATION THEORY. PREVIOUS LITERATURE ON IT AS A SUBJECT. 21 CHAPTER III: EXPRESSIONS OF “IT” IN ENGLISH. REAL SUBJECT “IT”.
DUMMY SUBJECT IT.1 An overview of Extraposition.2 Classifications of Extraposition .3 ‘It’ in general.3 ‘It’ in some special expressions .4 Discussion of findings. 85 CHAPTER IV: DISCUSSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS. 91 CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSIONS .Error! Bookmark not defined. 125 6 GLOSSARY OF GRAMMATICAL TERMS Hereafter are some terms from the points of view by different linguists.
This Glossary explains the meaning of grammatical terms. These terms are introduced in order to give a unified view on all the things discussed in this thesis. Most of the terms are defined by A. Downing (1992), the others come from “The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics” (by R.
Pergamon Press) and “Dictionary of Language Teaching & Applied Linguistics. Longman) adjunct: a word or combination of words added to a clause to give more information about time, place, or manner. linking adjunct: a sentence adjunct used to introduce a comment or reinforce what is said; e. sentence adjunct: an adjunct which applies to the whole clause, rather than to part of it; e.
We possibly have to wait and see. agent: the person who performs an action. attributes: that is, qualities and characteristics of the participants. attributive: adjectives placed before nouns are in attributive position.
See also predicative position. circumstance: that is, any kind of contingent fact or subsidiary situation which is associated with the process or the main situation. clause: a group of words containing a verb. copula: the verb be, used simply to link a subject to its complement.
My mother is in Jersey. cleft sentence: a sentence in which special emphasis is given to either the subject or the object by using a structure beginning with ‘it’ ‘what’ or ‘all’ 7 complement: a noun group or adjective which come after a link as ‘be’, and gives more information about the subject or object of the clause. She is a teacher … She is tired… dependent clause: a clause which must be used with another clause to form a complete grammatical construction. It depends on the other clause and is subordinate to it.
independent clause : (also a main clause or a principal clause) does not depend on another clause, although it may be linked to another independent clause, or to a dependent clause. infinitive: the base form of a verb. It is often used with ‘to’ in front of it. impersonal construction: a type of sentence in which there is no mention of who or what does or experiences something.
impersonal It: ‘it’ is an impersonal subject when it is used to introduced a fact, or when it is used in a cleft structure: e.g: it was raining; it was you who asked. preparatory It: the same as anticipatory It; this term is used by M. When the subject of a sentence is an infinitive or a clause, we usually put it towards the end of the sentence and use the pronoun It as a preparatory subject (also called anticipatory or introductory subject). It’s important to get enough sleep.
introductory It: is the same as Preparatory It and Anticipatory It finite: a finite verb is inflected according to person, tense, or mood rather than being an infinitive or a participle. non-finite: the non-finite forms of a verb are the infinitive and participle forms; e. to take, taking, taken. modality: is the category by which speakers express attitudes towards the event contained in the proposition.
8 modal: any of the AUXILIARY verbs which indicate attitudes if the speaker / writer towards the state or event expressed by another verb, i. which indicate different types of modality. mood: there are three main moods in English: the declarative mood, the interrogative mood, and the imperative mood. There is also a less common mood, the subjunctive mood.
object: see Direct Object, Indirect Object and Prepositional Object. direct object: is the single Object in a transitive clause, not mediated by a preposition and having no prepositional paraphrase. It can become Subject in a passive clause. indirect object: is that clause constituent which immediately follows the Predicator in clauses with two Objects.
It can become Subject in a passive clause and has a prepositional paraphrase. It is associated with the Recipient and Beneficiary roles. prepositional object: is an Object mediated by a preposition. The nominal element following the preposition can become Subject in a passive clause.
person: a term used to refer to the three classes of people who are involved in something that is said. They are the first person (the person speaking or writing), the second person (the person being addressed), and the third person (the people or things that are being talked about). participant: that is, entities of all kinds, animate or inanimate, concrete and abstract, that are involved in the processes. predicate: what is said about the subject of a sentence- that is to say, all of a sentence except the subject.
predicative adjectives placed after a verb like be, seem, look are in predicative position. She looks happy; The house is enormous. See also attributive. 9 predicator: is identified syntactically by position and concord.
It indicates the process type and is associated with the meaning expressed by tense, aspect, modality, voice and phrase. It is realized by Verbal groups. register: in extent of this thesis, we describe grammatical use with respect to just four major registers: conversation (CONV), fiction (FICT), news (NEWS), and academic prose (ACAD). These registers have the virtue of being (a) important, highly productive varieties of the language, and (b) different enough from one another to represent a wide range of variation.
reciprocal verb: a verb which describes an action which involves two people doing the same thing to each other; eg. They met in the street; He met her yesterday. source language: a language from which with been taken into another language. target language: the language into which a translation is made.
subject: is a syntactic element of clause structure, of which the other elements are Predicator, Complements, Objects and Adjunct. The Subject is identified syntactically by the features of position, concord, pronominalisation and reflection in tag question. Semantically, almost all participant roles can be associated with the Subject. theme: is an element of thematic structure, of which the other is Rheme.
Theme is the point of departure for the message and is realized in English by the first clause constituent. topic: is a discourse category representing the notion “what the text, or part of the text, is about.” marked Theme: when a clause constituent is moved to initial position, this is called thematic fronting and the fronted element is a marked Theme. 10 unmarked Theme: theme is unmarked when it coincides with the expected element such as Subject in a declarative clause. unmarked focus: unmarked focus falls on the last lexical item of the information unit.
This leaves the options open as to the amount of information that is New. marked focus: if the nucleus is placed on any other syllable than the tonic syllable of the last lexical item, the options are not kept open, and the New information is unequivocally identified. This is called marked focus. Functional Grammar: a type of grammar based on a view of language as social interaction and particularly concerned with the rules which govern linguistic expressions as used in such activity.
situation (or state of affairs): is any happening or state in real life, or in an imaginary world of the mind which can be expressed through language. subordinate clause: an other term for dependent clause transivity: 1. the state of being a transitive verb. a choice between the three main processes that can be represented in a sentence: a.
a physical or “material” process. a “relational” process Related to this choice of processes is: a. the choice of participants. The choice of circumstance main verb: all verbs which are not auxiliaries.
Also called lexical verb. The problem As a means of communication, each language has its own ways of expression. Therefore, there must always be not only differences but also some similarities between languages because we all are human beings. The pronoun It in English and its variations in usage is not a special case.
In contrast with Vietnamese, it certainly has some similar usages and some different ones, too. It is not a problem for Vietnamese students to translate the singular third- person pronoun It into Vietnamese because there is an equivalent expression of It in this language as in following examples: Do you know where my cat is?