PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE LIEN SON IRRIGATION SYSTEM, NORTH VIETNAM by Nguyen Van Tinh A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering Examination Committee: Prof. Das Gupta (Chairman) Dr. Roberto Clemente Dr. Mohammed Mainuddin Nationality: Vietnamese Previous Degree: Bachelor of Engineering Hanoi Water Resources University, Vietnam Scholarship Donor: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development/DANIDA, Vietnam Asian Institute of Technology School of Civil Engineering Thailand August, 2004 ABSTRACT Irrigation performance indicators, which comprise engineering and economic indicators, allow an assessment on performance of itrigation systems.
Indicators can be use to ‘compare the system to other systems. Within the system, they can compared from year to ‘year to indicate relative performance or trend Dozens of irigation performance indicators have been proposed over the years. But they still receive relatively litle use, and that use is mostly by researchers rather than managers. Aecording to Nelson (2002), each irrigation community needs to select a ‘group of key indicators, that are applied offen enough to establish and appropriate range ‘ofvalues interpretation.
IWMI provided a guideline with a set of 25 indicators, which consist of 4 groups: service delivery performance, productivity efficiency, financial and environmental performance ‘This guideline is base to determine performance indicators for irrigation and drainage systems in the world ‘The Lien Son itrigation system located within the Red River Delta of Vietnam is chosen as study area. Based on available data of the study area, performance indicators will be determined, analysed and compared. Then some recommendations can be provided to ‘improve irigation performance for the study area, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 would like to express my extreme gratitude to Prof. Das Gupta, my advisor and Dr.
Babel, my Co-advisor, for their guidance and invaluable suggestion throughout my work. Gratitude is also extended to the committee members, Dr. Roberto ‘Clemente for his comments and suggestion during the completion of this work Deep appreciation is also to the MARD/DANIDA in Vietnam for providing me with the scholarship to study at AIT. [also wish to express my appreciation to leaders, managers, lecturers of Hanoi Water Resources University for supporting me throughout my study at AIT.
Sincere thanks present to AIT for providing facilites throughout my study. [also would like to thank to all members of the Vinh Phục Agriculture Department and the Lien Son Irrigation Management Company, who helped me enthusiastically during my data collection “To entire WEM faculty and staff, thank you very much for your support. To all classmate in WEM, thank you for your ftiendship. To all friends in Vietnamese Student Association, thanks for everything Finally, I want to express my especial thank to my family, especially to my beloved parents, my lovely wife and son for their love, moral support during my study ‘TABLE OF CONTENT Chapter Title Abstract ‘Acknowledgement ‘Table ofcontents List of tables Lis of figures List of Abbreviation and Symbols CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.
Need for study 13 Objectives and scope of study. CHAPTER II DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA. Location and area, 2.2 Climate and hydrology. Topography and soil 24, Land use, 2.
Irrigation system and facilities. Present operation and management CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW, CHAPTER IV MEDOTHOLOGY. Benchmasking in the Irrigation and Drainage sector.2, Data collection and analysis, H 4.2, Data processing 16 CHAPTER V__ ANALYSIS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION, 2I 5. Service delivery performance indicators 21 5.2 Inigated area under different crops.146 Annual irigation water delivery per unit irrigated area, 27 5.
Productive efficiency indicators 28 5.1 Gross annual agricultural production 5.2 Total annual agricultural production, 30 ‘5.3 Finalcial performance indicators 3 5.1 Total number of personnel 32 5.2 Imigated area per person unit 3 53.4, Maintenance Budget Ratio 5.5 Personnel Cost Ratio 37 5.36 Cost of ierigated area unit 37 5.7 Total water fee collection 5.8 Water fee collected per irrigated area unit 5.9 Ratio ofwater fee collection per 40 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS, a2 6. Recommendations 42 REFERENCES, 44 AppendixI Climate Data Appendix IL, Crop Data 49 Appendix II. Cropwat output 35 Appendix IV, Curreney exchange rae 7 LIST OS TABLES Table Title Page ‘Table 2.1; Area distribution on elevation. Number of cooperatives.
Percentage of Production yield as water fe. Total budget received by LIMC from Vinh Phuc PPC.1: Data and information for evaluating indicators 4 Table 4-2: Data processing.1: Average monthly value ofclimatic parameters 2 Table 52; Total rainfall 23 Table 5.3: Reference Evapotranspiration ‘Table 54: Irigated area under different crops Table 5-5 : Effective Rainfall 2s ‘Table 5-6: Irrigation water requirement 26 2 2 ‘Table $.9: Annual irigation water delivery per unit irrigated area 29 ‘Table 5.10: Total crop Area, Productivity and Yield 30 ‘Table 5.11: Total annual agriculture production, 32 ‘Table 5.12: Number of personnel 33 ‘Table 5.13: ligated area per person unit.14: Total costs 35 ‘Table: 5.15: The Maintenance Budget Ratio.16: The Personnel Cost Ratio 38 ‘Table 5.17: Ratio oftotal cost per irrigated area 39 ‘Table 5.18: Water fee collection 40 ‘Table 5.19 ; Water fee collected per irrigated area unit 4 ‘Table 5.201: Ratio of water fee collection per total cos. Al LIST OF FIGURES: Figure Title Page igure 2. Map of the study area Figure 5.2: Crop calendae, 'REVIATION AND SYMBOLS A slope vapour pressure x ppsyerometrie constant A ‘Arca ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Ai “Area cropped by crop i CROPWAT (Crop water requirement Dp Deep percolation (ea-ed) Vapor pressure deficit FAO Food and Agriculture Oganization ET Evapotranspitation B10 Reference crop evapatranspita a Soil heat flux icp International Commission on Inigation and Drainage IPTRID.
‘The International Programme for Technology and Research in Irigation and Drainage IWMI International Water Management Institute MOM ‘Maintenance, operation and management Pe Effective rainfall Pmon Monthly rainfall PPC Provincial People Commitee Rn Net radiation at erop surface RRD Red River Delta Rs Radiation Tmax ‘Maximum temperature Tin Minimum temperature “ Wind speed at 2m height Yi Yield of cropi we World Bank CHAPTER L INTRODUCTION 1. Problem identification ‘With increasing population and demand for food, sustainable production increase from invigated agriculture must be achieved. With limited freshwater and land resources, and increasing competition for these resources, imigated agriculture worldwide must improve its ullization ofthese resources. Few would disagree with these statements, yet we do not havea way of determining the present state of affairs with respect to irrigated agriculture.
The question—how is irrigated agriculture performing with Limited water and land resources?—has not been satisfactorily answered. This is because we have not been able to compare irrigated land and water use to leam how irrigation systems are performing relative to cách other and what the appropriate targets for achievement are. With about 80 millions inkabitants and 331,700 square kilometers total area, of which ‘one third only is covered by plains, the iigated agriculture in Vietnam has become one ‘ofthe major sectors in the national economy and food security strategy. Inigation water ‘management thus has enormous economics implications for this country.
While the structural infrastructure for itrigation- comprising of reservoirs, canal networks, drainage ‘works and delivery systems-is created at a huge financial investment, a commensurate effort is also essential on developing scientific water management policies. Developm in systems science, operation research and mathematical modeling for decision making under uncertainty have been usefully exploited for water resources management in many technologically advanced countries. Applications of such mathematical techniques in inigation water management in developing country — at both macro as well as miero level =will ead to significant economic benelits. In most ofthe irrigation system in the North of Vietnam, water is increasingly becoming 4 scare resources duc tothe pressure frominereasing water requirement.
In addition, due to change climate, the serious deforestation in the watershed, ete, water resources, especially in the dry season, is much more reduced comparing to the time when the system was designed. In view of the foregoing discussion, an effective method in management of natural resources for irrigated agriculture on the sustainable basis is essential since the efficiencies of both water and land use are low, and fewer opportunities are there to increase irigated areas by the development of new system By considering all the different criteria, a better management of the utilization of water resources is required to promote the water use efficiency. In this study, the Lien Son Irrigation and Drainage System is chosen as study area. Need for study According to survey and assessment of the Ministry of Vietnamese Agriculture and Rural Development (Diem, 2000), many of the irrigation systems are performing.
with low efficieney, the operation cost is high, especially for pumped irrigation of the Red River Delta in the North area of Vietnam, The major reasons causing low efficiency of inrigation systems are: a) many of them had been operated for years, but insufficiently rehabilitated; b) investment for irigation systems. had not been properly planned; and c) policies of institutional management had some problems, especially regulations of water fee collection. In addition, in the irrigation systems of the Red River Delta, low efficiencies for water delivery and water use are major impediments to increasing exop productivity (ACIAR, 1999), ‘The Lien Son Imigadon and Drainage System belongs to the Red River Delta of 'Vietnam. The total area is 44439 ha, It has been built since 1914 with water resources, fom Pho Day river at the Lien Son diversion.
The system started operation in 1917 with initial itrigation area of 17,000 ha.the Bach Hac pumping station with capacity of 11.2 m/s was constructed, it take Water from Red River for supplying water to system «and the irrigated area of system was expanded up 10 23,000 ha, In recent years, many rehabilitation projects for the Lien Son irigation canal system have been implemented for improving delivery efficiency, reducing water percolation However, the question is what is reasons of low irrigation performance and how to improve i? For those reason, the study is essential to find out the appropriate management strategy ‘which will overcome the existing problems of the Lien Son irrigation system. Objectives and scope of study “The main objective of study is to analyze and evaluate irrigation performances of Lien ‘Son system and based on these results provide recommendations for improving irrigation system management, ‘The Benchmarking Performance procedure recommended by IWMI is issued for analysis and evaluation of irrigation performance of Lienson ligation System with the seope of ‘work as following: 4) Collection data: Including data of hydrometeorology, crops, irigation management costs, water fee, timating of data: Caleulate crop water requirement, irrigation requirement, Calculating indicators: Including 3 groups of indicators as service delivery performance, productive efficiency and financial performance. Discuss of results: Based on results of indicators calculated, to discuss and give ‘comment for them, ©) Recommendations : Based on above results for provide some recommendations on to improve irrigation performance for the study area 10 CHAPTER II DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA Location and area ‘The Lienson Irrigation system is the midland plain at the left-bank of Red River. It includes 5 districts Mong Cau, Tam Duong, Vinh Tuong, Yen Lac, Bình Xuyen and Vinh Yen town of Vinh Phuc Province, I is within the longitude of 104955" to 106012) ast and the latitude of 21912" to 21948" North.
The system has boundaries with Tam Dao mountain at the North and North-East, Hanoi city atthe South-East, Red river at the South and South-West. The location of study area along with its layout is shown in Figure 2-1 This system covers an area of 44439 ha in which 23.000ha cultivated area with irrigation, It plays the substantial role of agriculture inthe economic development of the Vinh Phúc province. The total population living in this area is 748,568 inhabitants.2 Climate and hydrology The climate of the study area belongs to the tropical monsoon zone, consisting of the in t0 October. As the records dry season, November to March and the rainy season, April 20 years (1983-2002) duration at the Vinh Yen meteorological station, the mean annual rainfall is 1662 mm, of which 84.5% fall in the rainy season, specially in July to September.