University of Massachusetts Boston ScholarWorks at UMass Boston Graduate Masters Theses Doctoral Dissertations and Masters Theses 12-31-2017 Whether or not 'It Gets Better'…Coping with Parental Heterosexist Rejection Cara Herbitter University of Massachusetts Boston Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.edu/masters_theses Part of the Clinical Psychology Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Studies Commons Recommended Citation Herbitter, Cara, "Whether or not 'It Gets Better'…Coping with Parental Heterosexist Rejection" (2017). Graduate Masters Theses.edu/masters_theses/474 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Doctoral Dissertations and Masters Theses at ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. For more information, please contact library.
WHETHER OR NOT “IT GETS BETTER”… COPING WITH PARENTAL HETEROSEXIST REJECTION A Thesis Presented by CARA HERBITTER Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies, University of Massachusetts Boston, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2017 Clinical Psychology Program © 2017 by Cara Herbitter All rights reserved WHETHER OR NOT “IT GETS BETTER”… COPING WITH PARENTAL HETEROSEXIST REJECTION A Thesis Presented by CARA HERBITTER Approved as to style and content by: ________________________________________________ Heidi M. Levitt, Professor Chairperson of Committee ________________________________________________ David W. Pantalone, Associate Professor Member ________________________________________________ Laurel Wainwright, Senior Lecturer II Member _________________________________________ David Pantalone, Program Director Clinical Psychology Program _________________________________________ Laurel Wainwright, Acting Chair Psychology Department ABSTRACT WHETHER OR NOT “IT GETS BETTER”… COPING WITH PARENTAL HETEROSEXIST REJECTION December 2017 Cara Herbitter, B., University of Massachusetts Boston Directed by Professor Heidi M. Levitt Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people face the burden of additional stressors as a result of their experiences of stigma and discrimination regarding their sexual minority status.
Parental rejection of LGB people in the context of heterosexism serves as a powerful minority stressor associated with poorer mental health (e., Bouris et al., 2010; Ryan, Huebner, Diaz, & Sanchez, 2009). Few contemporary theories exist to describe the experience of parental rejection. In addition, the extant empirical research has focused primarily on youth experiences among White and urban LGB samples, signaling the need for research across the lifespan investigating more diverse samples. Moreover, prior published studies have not focused directly on how LGB people cope with parental iv rejection, but rather on the negative consequences associated with the rejection more generally.
For the current study, I conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 LGB and queer (LGBQ) people about their experiences coping with parental rejection using retrospective recall questions. I sought to maximize diversity in the realms of experiences of parental rejection, race, ethnicity, class, sexual orientation, gender, age, and U. I analyzed the data using an adaptation of grounded theory methodology based upon the work of psychologist David Rennie (e., Rennie, Phillips, & Quartaro, 1988). The core category that emerged was: Parental rejection was experienced as harmfully corrective and then internalized; reframing the rejection as heterosexism mitigated internalized heterosexism and enabled adaptive acceptance strategies.
The findings documented the common experiences shared by participants, which led to an original stage model of coping with heterosexism parental rejection, a central contribution of this study. In addition to contributing to the empirical understanding of how LGBQ people cope with parental rejection related to their sexual orientation, my findings can guide clinicians working with this population to maximize their clients’ adaptive coping. Parental rejection is a complex process that impacts LGBQ people in a wide range of arenas and requires a multi-dimensional coping approach, drawing upon both internal resources and reliance on community supports. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my mentor and thesis chairperson, Dr.
Heidi Levitt, who carefully guided me through this complex project and shared her remarkable wisdom and wit. I am grateful for her time and dedication, and all of the thoughtful comments and track changes. I would also like to express my gratitude toward my thesis committee members, Dr. David Pantalone and Dr.
Laurel Wainwright, for their time and valuable comments along the way. Thank you to Linda Curreri for her guidance and humor. I am grateful to the late Dr. Hope Weissman, who continues to inspire me.
Thank you so much to Dianna Sawyer for her generous help and skill with proofreading. Thank you to Lucas Dangler, Ruby Stardrum, and the professional transcribers for their careful work on transcription. I am especially grateful toward my friends and colleagues at the University of Massachusetts Boston, both for their guidance and encouragement, in particular Meredith Maroney, Lauren Grabowski, Juliana Neuspiel, Tangela Roberts, Darren Freeman- Coppadge, Ivy Giserman-Kiss, Dr. Jae Puckett, and Dr.
I’m also very thankful for my virtual colleagues from “Let Us Do Some Things.” Words cannot fully express my gratitude toward my friends and family for their support during this process, in particular my wife, Xiomara Lorenzo, and my mother, Francine Herbitter, who got into the trenches with me. I could not have done it without you. vi Finally, I wish to express my profound appreciation for the participants who bravely and generously shared their stories of pain and resilience with me. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.
ix CHAPTER Page 1. 1 Background and Significance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS. 33 Grounded Theory Analysis.
78 Discipline and Control. 79 A Sense of Brokenness. 85 Implications for Clinical Practice. 116 viii LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 1.
Cluster, Category, and Subcategory Titles Including Number of Contributing Interviewees. 94 ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Specific Aims General Aim: This project responds to the call for additional research on resilience among LGB people (e., Kwon, 2013; National Research Council, 2011) by focusing on adaptive coping strategies used in the face of heterosexism. In particular, this project will explore the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and other queer (LGBQ) people who have encountered parental rejection. Note that, when I describe my intended research, I will use the phrase "LGBQ," as I plan to interview LGBQ people.
In describing past studies or literature, however, I will use the language used in those studies or that literature. Parental rejection has been tied to a number of mental health issues among LGB people, including depression and suicidal ideation (e., Bouris et al., 2010; Ryan et al. LGBQ people’s parental reactions may change over time, especially as public attitudes toward LGB people are rapidly evolving (Pew Research Center, 2013). With these shifts, LGBQ people’s coping strategies may evolve as well.
As I will describe, these potentially changing parental reactions and LGBQ people’s coping strategies have not been adequately explored in the research literature. As a preliminary means of addressing this gap, I conducted a qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with LGBQ people about their experiences coping with 1 parental rejection. I asked respondents to reflect on both past and current experiences. Specifically, I was interested in investigating the complexity of rejection experiences, in order to develop an understanding of the experience of rejection and to explore the wide array of coping strategies used by LGBQ people.
For instance, I explored how LGBQ people cope with parental rejection that gradually shifts over time as well as rejection that remains constant. The limited extant research that has assessed the change over time suggested that many parents who initially react negatively may ultimately become more accepting (e., Samarova, Shilo, & Diamond, 2014). As such, I hoped that documenting LGBQ peoples’ experiences of their parents’ responses changing would provide insight into how LGBQ people can cope with varied responses by parents. I anticipated that these findings would be useful to inform future interventions aimed at fostering resilience and coping among LGBQ people who face family rejection.
The specific aims of this qualitative study were as follows: Aim #1: Describe LGBQ people’s experiences of heterosexist parental rejection and acceptance, addressing the complexity of parental rejection/acceptance, which may evolve over time, vary depending on context, or differ between parents. Specific research questions include: (a) Precipitants of rejection: What events immediately preceded heterosexist parental rejection (e., coming out to parents, bringing home a partner, etc.)? (b) Rejection experience: How is rejection expressed? What is the impact of both sexuality specific and general parental rejection/support on LGBQ people? How do experiences of parental rejection relate to processes of internalized heterosexism among LGBQ people? How might intersecting sociocultural 2 identities impact LGBQ people’s experiences of parental rejection? (c) Change over time: How do parental responses change over time, in different contexts, and within sets of parents? What factors influence these shifts and how do these changes impact LGBQ people? Aim #2: Identify methods of coping used by LGBQ people who experience parental rejection. Specific research questions include: (a) Use of coping: How did participants respond to, or cope with, parental rejection (e., seeking social support, psychotherapy, and LGBQ community, engaging in advocacy, or using emotional/cognitive strategies)? (b) Understanding of coping: How helpful or detrimental were these different methods of coping with parental rejection? How do LGBQ people understand their practice of coping with parental rejection? How might intersecting sociocultural identities impact LGBQ people’s experiences of coping with parental rejection? (c) Changes over time: Over time, and as parental reactions change, how do LGBQ people’s coping methods change? Background and Significance LGB Minority Stress Compounding typical life stressors, LGB people experience the burden of additional stressors as a result of their experiences of stigma and discrimination regarding their sexual minority status. Based upon research on racial minority stress (for a recent review of this literature, see Carter, 2007), Meyer (2003) developed a model of LGB 3 minority stress as a framework for understanding the higher prevalence of mental health issues among LGB people.
He wrote: The concept of social stress extends stress theory by suggesting that conditions in the social environment, not only personal events, are sources of stress that may lead to mental and physical ill effects. Social stress might therefore be expected to have a strong impact in the lives of people belonging to stigmatized social categories, including categories related to socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, gender, or sexuality. 675) Meyer described the following stress processes: external stressful factors, the impact of expecting negative experiences, internalizing societal stigma, and hiding of one’s identity. He highlighted the importance of addressing both structural and individual factors to reduce minority stress.
He suggested this could be accomplished via interventions aimed at changing the environment, to reduce exposure to stressors, as well as those aimed at helping LGB people cope more successfully. Rejection of LGB people by their parents occurs within this larger context of sexual minority stressors, and so must be understood as being embedded in socio-political systems, in addition to potentially being interpersonally stressful. Sexual minority stress theory provides a framework for understanding both parents’ reactions and their effects upon mental health, as well as the potential limits on coping resources available to LGB people within the larger context of heterosexism. The purpose of the current study was to examine the experience of LGBQ individuals’ coping with parental rejection related to their sexual orientation.
4 Minority stress negatively impacts health. The detrimental effects of minority stress processes on the physical and mental health of LGB people have been well documented (Cochran, Sullivan, & Mays, 2003; King et al., 2008; Lehavot & Simoni, 2011; Lick, Durso, & Johnson, 2013; Meyer, 2003; National Research Council, 2011). With regard to physical health disparities, Lick et al. (2013) summarized prior research comparing health status between LGB and heterosexual people, reporting that LGB people have been found to experience poorer general health.
In a meta-analysis of the literature, LGB people were found to have higher rates of anxiety, depression, suicide attempts, and substance use disorders when compared to heterosexual individuals (King et al. By pooling prevalence data across studies, researchers determined that LGB people had approximately twice the risk of depression and 1.5 times the risk of any anxiety disorder than heterosexual individuals in the prior year.