MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology EXTRACTION OF GUM FROM DURIAN SEEDS (Durio zibethinus) AND ITS APPLICATION IN MUNG BEANS MILK PRODUCTS A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Supervisors: Assoc. KHA CHAN TUYEN MSc. NGUYEN VINH HIEN Student’s name: NGUYEN THI DUYEN Class: DHI9TP Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING NONG LAM UNIVERSITY - HO CHI MINH CITY Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Food Technology EXTRACTION OF GUM FROM DURIAN SEEDS (Durio zibethinus) AND ITS APPLICATION IN MUNG BEANS MILK PRODUCTS A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for admission to the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Food Technology By Student: Nguyen Thi Duyen Supervisor: Assoc. Kha Chan Tuyen (Wy Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Having received the guidance and dedicated help of everyone during my years of studying at the Nong Lam University - Ho Chi Minh City, now I would like to express my sincere thanks to the management board and teachers of Nong Lam University - Ho Chi Minh City, especially the teachers of the Department of Chemical and Food Technology, have created favorable conditions and enthusiastically imparted knowledge and valuable experiences to me in the professional field as well as in life.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Associate Professor Dr. Kha Chan Tuyen for enthusiastically facilitating, guiding, and helping me in the process of researching, implementing, and completing my graduation thesis. I would like to sincerely thank MSc. Nguyen Vinh Hien for his dedicated guidance and support throughout the research process and successfully completing the thesis.
In particular, I would like to thank all the students who helped me during the project so that I could complete my graduation thesis. Finally, with all my heart, I would like to thank my parents, who raised and taught me to be a good person and always supported me when I faced difficulties and disappointments. Although I have tried my best in implementing the thesis, there are inevitably shortcomings. We look forward to receiving your comments and suggestions.
Sincerely, thank you all very much. Ho Chi Minh City, 2024 Nguyén Thi Duyén il ABSTRACT Durian is a source of agricultural products with high economic value. In particular, gum extracted from durian seed by-products is also widely used in production. However, there have not been many studies on factors that improve gum extraction yield.
This study was conducted to investigate factors affecting gum extraction yield such as incubation time, incubation temperature, water-to-powder ratio, pH, ultrasound intensity and ultrasound time. Thereby, the characteristics of pure durian seed gum in terms of moisture, ash content, ability to absorb oil and water, and solubility. Durian seed gum was isolated from local defatted durian seeds, then we remove impurities, peel and extract.93% light brown raw gum powder. Pure durian seed gum has a moisture content of 5.
Ash content is about 2.41% is soluble ash. Poor oil absorption, average about 19%. The solubility of gum depends on temperature, gum dissolves well in water at 100°C (81. In addition, the viscosity of gum was 39.
Used at a cutting speed of 100 rpm and a cutting speed of 2 s, measurement time is 90 seconds. The survey showed that the ability to create viscosity and stability of Durian Gum in green bean milk products is quite good compared to other green bean milk samples on the market. Key words: Durian, Gum, Ultrasound, Viscosity, Mungbeans milk. 1H LIST OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ssssssccssssssssssvssssssssssssesseenssscssassssvcassasssnssceavsaseosesnessoesensssanesaseaasanssannneaass iii LIST.
OB CON TÊN Láng 0H06 0182800 04G3381144000108 G4340 33G 383818460460 ,08 iv LIST OF TABLES ssssssssssssssssssvonssssosvessssvssscsssessavesesssensscnsssssoessesssscousessecsssssssuseasss Vii LIST OF ELGURES ssssssssssssssssassssascanscssssssassssesessasssus senssssassnaesssvsesasctesesvastennsentas viii LIST OF ABBREVIA TH Ò No ng 4 1611668 81656 61685084084646 680084846886 ix INTRODUC TION wissssessssssssvscsaseassaccsnsnesacsasensascasccnacacsassascassnssncensenveaseseaxtenssxscssoases 1 1¿1 INtPOdUCHON semveniesesamnenareesne enema neeenrenermeruncemeeenie: 1 1.2 RESEATCN: OD) SCtIVES exssescnsrsssesrenresesuneraanneenerseeny earemmnnmnnreanareman 2 3! RESSARCOUGOM CSIC ssasoasnseanssddoosdddnbhuiandliglinilliiunkiðiBruggxigibioBiole.gilagigagiitioja0dggs3kSinini0 3 1.4 New aspect of the thesis 1š ˆễ.5 Scientific and practical sIBgnIÍICATIC€.-- c3 33+ ++E+Ereesrrrsrersrs 4 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. DUN AD essssscresasaamraamuncnmenras cumman earnTEEEREEERT ERATE 5 2.1 Characteristics of durian Durio zibethinus MÍurFđÿ.2 Characteristics of green ur1a1n.3 Current status of durian growing and consumption in Tien Giang province 2.2 Studies on gum extraction from agricultural by-products in Vietnam and CTS WU essere eee ee 12 2.1 Polysaccharide extraction studies and applications from agricultural by- product seeds in Vietnam and the World.2 Effects of ultrasound Waves 0n QUM.3 Studies on polysaccharide extraction from durian seeds in Vietnam and the WO]Cessasseressearnys aunmnwavers meee memoeasneneuree eae ne era 15 2.1 Exttaction tethod wcicucsetssencineaonenennvemeieneteemcane 15 2.2 Research on durian gum extract .3 Research on the physicochemical properties of durian gum. 17 2:34 Research and apply ĐUHN.-- óc t1 2v HH nh TH nh HH HH Hà HH 20 29600 TÔ". cố ro 20 Bid 3 LỘ IDIILECI lasnncsns0n0i081588605003853584SE4030SRSESSERGSSIAGISRINSIGIMHGISSESRSSES4SE81058855)888 20 201.5 Working principle of ultrasound machine.-- -- 2+5 s++ss++s 21 CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS .1 Time Giid Place OF TESCATCN wncsccnerwsanannenacavenaanennayaennennennauennnmneamaemennnan 23 32 Materials:atid Eq apie tit cc cscs canceaneseracnevssrecenureuanen ameascenmmancaeenes 23 3.2 CH€TTHG8IS.-ces gọn HH HH 2h nh n HH0 100 TP 1n Hán H122 5431227110205.3 IENUIDIEDS+rsrsintasstistrongsiopogtidigitsgiIGSSRGISIGGIMGENGEERNTUSYSERLENSENRi0l3804303820Đ 24 8:3 Expieritrierilll/6B8ISTTsesnsaesssasstibaudontiastbsstliDnubsgtigoinlaxalls3hulstgfliko4l60li823nnoa 25 3.1 Gum extraction method.4 Analyses of physicochemical properties .L Deteriitiaton Of SUM VICI sisi sseeecseassins causa c6 d2 Add Bá suatnen Sỹ 0c<a cán 84001386 eas 34 3.2 Determination of sOlUb1ÏItY.3 Determination of ash content and water-soluble ash confent.4 Determination of moisture COTIf€TIE.5 Determination of oil holding capacity (OHC).6 Determination Of VISCOSILY.7 SQnSOry CVAlUALON wcracanenucm acannon emacs 0614144033435908003085840-18 8384006488 37 35) SLBUISEIRA ANALYSIS) cá ansiiennaiadedinnsatuinsivewnansneiibeanelda ineanahauivaewandannediauisanivaannddtinesavion 37 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .1 Physicochemical properties of durian øum.2 The effects of factors on extraction y1©Ìd.1 Effect of water-to-powder material ratios on øgum.2 Effect of temperature ON ØUIm.- --- c2 t1 3212 E2EESEsrerkesrkree 41 4:93 ETT OF PHIOHUDUTLassnsnsennbinndiiibitiiitilGG01455848ENH5GN6G0003GB8SHGSSHSNAISHIBNNEIESSH010548 42 4.4 Effect of extraction time on gum extraction yIeld.5 Effect of ultrasound intensity on gum extraction yield .6 Effect of ultrasound time on gum extraction y1eld.3 Mung bean milk gum application.1 Viscosity of mung bean milk sampÏe.- -¿- 5 + ++£+s£+vx+ex+eeexss 46 4.2 Effect of durian gum addition .ceccecceesesseceeseceneeeeseeeseeenseenteeeeeeeess 47 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDA TION.1 Conclusion txrcsssssesemnuzsccsncemmenansvenamanenccsaesirg cancer ENN CATERER RS 49 3:71X€GGiTirfiETGAETOHEsueesosednueibcktudnstfoqibssiàsstlislBilaslopasS8ss3blosnoglifiosgisgfiujsguul 49 NETERENCES sssecssssscseecstssssncacesccssssauteceasnceuecasedevnssnessseseevavssensenenssosencencenionsoenssses 50 APPENDIX sssiscssessassesscssossssscnssnssssescssssossssesvosoossossessasssseussesseissssssvesssssssnessessossnssess 54 APPENDEX 12 SENSORY sgsscsssssensscnvencecsxeensnnssnesnateaunsosicadustnestineevenieninatarstuees 54 1.1, S6TISOEV SOC neem ieee eaten: 54 1.2 Sensory data table cáicsnsneneig5415131661144653651644335936950E9SE5SS591194380381883984E2G18 55 APPENDIX: 2: GUM EXTRACT ssccusssseneneusnsnmnnnrnanamsrnsnncn 180550 56 2.1 Investigate factors affecting extraction yleÌd.-- --- ¿2222 32212311311 321 1511511511111 E11 11 1E kg 58 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Nutritional content in durian Seeds .2 Trace minerals contained in durian seeds.3 Durian area and output in Tien Giang province from 2010 - 2023.1 Time and place of the research report .1 Physicochemical properties of gum after extraction.2 Appearance assessment of the product at various gum ratios .3 Sensory score of the product at different ratios of gum addition.
45 vii LIST OF FIGURES Pigute 2. DT ai eceraacosnesssueennemmnuscnnncaenenactnenunraecuesausemnennuny once eananaramemnoeana tess 5 PSUS 2. PLUS NA ‹eussanniuaxsndfidasigiilzsnasguistssaBsgilisuiSuBšS0gSlov3i4ãqdidiGSEiiloihiössirsaalilisodiiSuusuf5Gudas.3 Durian fruit peel GT€€TI.-- «111 9v vn ngư 9 Figure 86:)á101s05z,8 na.5 Cross-section of durian s€eds.-- ¿+ Sc c2 s22 2 srssrsrrrrrrree 10 Figure 2.6 Display screen and keyboard of VCX500 ultrasound machine.7 Ultrasonic sample destruction machine VCX500.1 Expected research:GOTnGHÍ-sssssnssnsesssssssassg se ng Hành 2695316488 5:E2430 0388210005405 2134 25 Figure 3.2 Flow chart of mung bean milk production proceSs.1 Effect of water-to-powder material ratios on gum extraction yield.2 Effect of temperature on gum extraction yIeld.3 Effect of pH on gum extraction yIeld.4 Effect of extraction time on gum extraction yield.5 Effect of ultrasound intensity on gum extraction yield.6 Effect of ultrasound time on gum extraction y1eld.7 The viscosity of mung bean milk sample after adding gum. 46 vill LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ANOVA Analysis of variance g Gram I/s Liquid/ solid LDPE Low-density polyethylene ml Milliliter v/v Volume per volume w/p Water-to-powder WHC Water holding capacity 1X INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Gum, also known as a hydrocolloid, is a substance that dissolves well in water (Amin et al.
Because of that characteristic, gum is widely used in industries such as food and pharmaceuticals to create structural stability for products. In addition, gum aids in creating gel and suspension within the product, imparting uniformity and the desired stickiness, typical of chewing gum and milk product. Durian, a nutritious fruit grown seasonally across many parts of Southeast Asia, is also considered a medicine aid, known for its immune-boosting properties and antioxidant effects. Its widespread cultivation is attributed to its distinctive and characteristic flavor.
Currently, Thailand and Malaysia stand as two of the world's leading exporters of durian, with exports witnessing a notable increase from 20 tons (RM15 million) in 1995 to 31 tons (RM55 million) in 2000 (Amin and Arshad, 2009). However, in addition to the economic benefits derived from the fruit flesh of durian, the annual discharge of durian by-products into the environment poses a significant challenge. While only one-third of the fruit's edible portion is utilized, the substantial surplus originates from the durian shell and seeds, constituting 70% of the entire fruit (Mohd et al. Nevertheless, recent scientists have focused on harnessing compounds from durian seeds for food and pharmaceutical applications.
This research trajectory has elevated the value of durian by-products, transforming large-seeded durian varieties from a disadvantage into a strength. In the past, scientists commonly utilized chemically organic solvents such as hexane, acetone, and benzene to extract nut components using the hydro technique. However, traditional extraction techniques relying on organic solvents present several drawbacks, including environmental hazards, safety concerns, and potential impacts on product quality due to solvent residues. In recent years, enzyme technology has emerged as an alternative approach for extraction.
Comparied to solvent-based methods, enzyme-assisted extraction is more environmentally friendly. Certain enzymes, like cellulase, pectinase, and tannase, exhibit efficient cell wall degradation capabilities. Additionally, scientists have begun employing ultrasound waves to aid in extraction. The ultrasound-assisted extraction method has garnered significant praise for its ability to enhance yield, reduce extraction time, minimize energy consumption, and substantially increased extraction efficiency.
Practice has also demonstrated the effectiveness of combining of ultrasound-assisted hydrolysis (Luo et al. According to Duy et al (2017), when extracting gum from durian seeds with ultrasound assistance (225W, 3 min), the yield increased by 5.15% (Duy et al. In addition to impacting extraction yield, ultrasound waves also affect the structure and physicochemical properties of gums, thereby altering their functionality (Farizad and Abbasi, 2023). Currently, there have been some studies worldwide on the extraction, properties and applications of polysaccharides from durian seeds, albeit relatively few.
However, a majority of these methods involve the use of organic chemicals such as hexane, isopropanol, acetic acid and many other reagents. It is noteworthy that these chemicals can directly affect consumer health and have significant environmental repercussions. Especially, the green durian variety in Vietnam has not yet been subject to any research regarding the extraction, properties, and applications of polyphenols and polysaccharides. From the aforementioned reasons, the proposed research topic involved the extraction of gum from durian seeds (Durio zibethinus) using the green water extraction method, with a focus on its application in food.
Specifically, the research aimed to explore the utilization of gum in to the production of green durian seed milk.2 Research objectives General objective: to conduct research aiming to utilize durian seeds for obtaining gum and its application in food production and preservation. Specific objectives: e Determine the chemical components of durian seeds. e Identify and optimize key parameters for extracting gum from durian seeds with the assistance of ultrasound waves. e Test the thickening and stability ability of gum and apply it to the processing of mung bean milk.3 Research content e Survey and analyze the chemical composition of green durian seeds.
e Extract gum from green durian seeds, determine gum composition. e Evaluation of physicochemical properties and application as a food thickener.