MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING NGUYEN THI NHU YEN DETERMINANTS OF CREDIT RISK IN VIETNAMESE COMMERCIAL BANKS GRADUATE THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7 34 02 01 HO CHI MINH CITY, 2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING Author: NGUYEN THI NHU YEN Student code: 030135190760 Class: HQ7-GE06 DETERMINANTS OF CREDIT RISK IN VIETNAMESE COMMERCIAL BANKS GRADUATE THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 7 34 02 01 ADVISER DR. LE HA DIEM CHI HO CHI MINH CITY, 2023 i ABSTRACT This research aims to find the determinants affecting the credit risk of commercial banks in Vietnam. The credit risk of Vietnamese commercial banks is measured by a bunch of independent variables such as bank–specific variables including the non-performing loans (NPL), the size of the bank (Size), equity-to- asset ratio (CAP), return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), loans and bank profitability (PROF). The author also uses some research methods, namely Pooled OLS model, FEM model, REM model, and S-GMM method, which are based on the unbalanced panel data of 27 commercial banks in Vietnam from 2010 to 2022.
The study also used the independent variables which are represented for the macroeconomic elements, namely economic growth rate (GDP), inflation rate (INF), and the unemployment rate (UNEMP). The research results show that almost all microeconomic elements significantly affected the credit risk of Vietnamese commercial banks. Moreover, all the macroeconomic determinants used in the thesis had positive effects on the credit risk of commercial banks operating in the Vietnamese stock market. Keywords: Credit risk, commercial banks, Vietnam, macroeconomic elements, microeconomic elements, bank-specific factors, panel data.
ii DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY As the author of this thesis, I declare that the following are: Full name: Nguyen Thi Nhu Yen Student class: HQ7 – GE06, Faculty of Finance and Banking, Ho Chi Minh University of Banking. Student code: 030135190760 I declare that the study with the title "Determinants of credit risk in Vietnamese commercial banks" is completely made by myself based on inquiry and the guidance of my lecturer Dr. Le Ha Diem Chi. In addition, none of this research has been published before submission.
All the research data in the tables used for the analysis, evaluation, and comment are collected from many different sources indicated in the references section. If any fraud is discovered, I take full responsibility for the content of my thesis. Sincerely Ho Chi Minh City, 12th June, 2023 Author Nguyen Thi Nhu Yen iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to all lecturers at Ho Chi Minh University of Banking for teaching and imparting valuable knowledge and experiences to me during my studying process. It was the fundamental foundation and valuable luggage for me to enter the practice working environment in the near future.
In addition, I also would like to thank my lecturer, Dr. Le Ha Diem Chi has devoted herself to teaching and giving comments to help me to complete my graduation thesis well. Finally, I wish all lecturers at Ho Chi Minh University of Banking always have a lot of good health and success in their occupations. iv CONTENTS ABSTRACT .i DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY .iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
viii LIST OF TABLES. x LIST OF GRAPHICS .xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. Reasons for choosing the study. The research subject and scope of study.
The research subject. Scope of the research. 7 v CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 1. 9 CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES.
Review of commercial banks. Functions of commercial bank. Review of bank credit. Features of bank credit.
The role of commercial bank credit. Review of credit risk. The impact of credit risk on commercial banks. Factors affecting credit risk of commercial banks.
Review of the prior experience research. Review of domestic research paper. Review of foreign research paper .23 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 2. 32 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODS.
Sample and research data. The research sample. The research data. Variance inflating factor - VIF.
Analysis and selection of effective models. Feasible Generalized Least Square - FGLS. Testing and handling defects of the research model. Explaining the variables in the research model .41 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 3.
48 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS. Descriptive statistical analysis. Check for multicollinearity. Table Regression Data Analysis (OLS/FEM/REM Model).
Selection of estimation method. Test for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. Test for heteroscedasticity. Test for autocorrelation.
Overcoming the research model by FGLS. Test for endogenous variable and GMM regression model method. Test for endogenous variable. GMM Regression Model Method.
Summarize and discuss research results .66 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 4. 70 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Conclusions about the study. Some suggested solutions.
Limitations of the graduate thesis and direction for future research. Limitations of the research. Direction for future research .75 CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER 5 .iv viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Number Acronym Meaning 1 CAP Equity-to-asset ratio 2 CR Credit risk 3 EVFTA European-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement 4 FEM Fixed Effects Model 5 FGLS Feasible Generalized Least Squares 6 GDP Gross domestic product 7 GMM Generalized method of moments 8 INF Inflation rate 9 NPL Non-performing loans 10 OLS Ordinary least squares 11 PROF Bank profitability 12 REM Random Effects Model 13 ROA Return on assets 14 ROE Return on equity 15 SBV State bank of Vietnam 16 S-GMM System generalized method of moments ix 17 SIZE Size of the bank 18 UNEMP Unemployment rate 19 WTO World Trade Organization x LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Summary table of prior research studies.
Statistics of expected signs of variables in the research model. Statistics of variables used in the research model. Results of multicollinearity test. Correlation coefficients between research variables.
Results of Pooled-OLS, FEM and REM. Selection of method. Modified Wald test. Wooldridge test results.
FGLS model troubleshooting results. Endogenous and exogenous variables in the research model. GMM endogenous test results. 61 xi LIST OF GRAPHICS Graph 3.
The research process. Relationship between SIZE and CR. Relationship between ROA and CR. Relationship between NPL and CR.
Relationship between ROE and CR. Relationship between Loans and CR. Relationship between GDP and CR. Relationship between UNEMP and CR.
Relationship between INF and CR. Reasons for choosing the study Commercial banks play the role of a payment intermediary and a channel to meet capital sources for economic entities in society. In addition, commercial banks are also tools for the State to regulate the macroeconomic economy. Through commercial banks, the government can implement fiscal and monetary policies to support domestic businesses and develop the economy.
Since then, it can be seen that the bank's activities have positive or negative effects on entities in the economy. Credit risk is one of the factors reflecting the operational status of commercial banks. Today, commercial banks focus on and decrease credit risk, especially in the context of today's market economy and digital transformation. Because if credit risk increase, it means that the bank's performance is weak, which not only causes losses for commercial banks but also affects other economic entities.
Therefore, assessing the impact of elements on credit risk is essential to determine the effect of microeconomic and macroeconomic elements on credit risk. Since then, this may help managers of commercial banks to make some appropriate solutions to minimize credit risk in business activities. It can be seen that the global economic crisis of 2007-2008 has caused the world economy to face many difficulties over many years. Specifically, the unemployment rate increased, trade activities declined, capital flows fluctuated continuously in all markets, etc.
Although the world economic growth rate reached 5.1% in 2010, in 2011 this ratio fell to 3.9% and this figure was only 3. However, a year later, the growth rate showed signs of recovery, and capital flows in the market began to be more stable. Financial institutions, mainly banks, began to record positive growth signals. The growth rate represented the efforts of economic recovery in many countries around the world, including Vietnam.
The credit growth rate in the commercial banking system in Vietnam has improved compared to the previous period. However, in 2020-2021, the world economy would continue to change 2 because of the detrimental impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic. The credit risk of commercial banks in Vietnam was significantly increased because many businesses had reduced revenue or were unable to pay their debts at maturity. This increased the risk of debt recovery, slow capital turnover, etc.
Although 2020 was still a prosperous year for the Vietnamese economy, the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2020 was estimated to increase by 2. This is due to the ability to control the impact of the Covid-19 epidemic well and the implementation of the European- Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA), the industrial production industry had a high growth rate compared to 2019 but transportation activities, especially transportation with foreign countries, faced many difficulties due to orders to close major markets in the world. According to the report "Banking industry profit picture in 2020 and Forecast for 2021" by BIDV Training and Research Institute, interest income in 2020 still played an important role in the profit of the banking industry but with declining contribution momentum. In 2021, the spread of the fourth Covid- 19 pandemic along with many strict epidemic prevention and control measures has made 119.8 thousand businesses withdraw from the market, in which the number of enterprises temporarily suspending business is nearly 55 thousand enterprises; 48,1 thousand enterprises stopped operating to wait for dissolution procedures; 16,7 thousand enterprises completed dissolution procedures including 211 enterprises with the capital scale of over 100 billion (According to the General Statistics Office 2021).
Consequently, the non-performing loan ratio of the banking industry increased sharply, the internal non-performing loans ratio and the potential non- performing loans ratio including debts that have been restructured according to Circulars 01, 03, 14 – State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) is expected at 7. Although the State Bank has supportive policies and commercial banks have also prepared in advance, the bank’s business activities will not avoid the problem of a record-high non-performing loan ratio. In 2022, because the conflict between Russia and Ukraine is prolonged and complicated, this will push up world commodity prices, which causes global 3 inflation to increase rapidly and reach the highest level in more than 40 years. To control inflation, the central banks of many different countries in the world have stepped up tightening of monetary policy, raising operating interest rates at a high level and strong frequency.
The difficult world economy has put great pressure on the government’s macroeconomic management. However, with the direction of the government, the Vietnamese economy basically recovered positively, stabilized the macroeconomic economy, and inflation was controlled. Contributing to this success is an important part of bank credit capital. Stemming from that importance, the author chooses the study with the title "Determinants of credit risk in Vietnamese commercial banks".
Besides, the review and assessment of elements affecting credit risk in Vietnamese commercial banks support managers and strategic planners in making investment decisions or development directions of commercial banks. Research objectives To review and analyze the determinants of credit risk in Vietnamese commercial banks, this study aims at the following specific objectives: 1. General objectives The author examines and measures the impact of bank-specific and macroeconomic elements affecting the credit risk of Vietnamese commercial banks over the period of 13 years, between 2010 and 2022. Since then, through the empirical results of the study, the author will propose several appropriate solutions for bank administrators to decline the credit risk of Vietnamese commercial banks in the future.