MINISTRY OF EDUCATION STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY ------------------------- DUONG HA MY THE DETERMINANTS OF LIQUIDITY RISK OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM GRADUATE THESIS BANKING AND FINANCE MAJOR ID: 7340201 ADVISOR PH. NGUYEN DUY LINH Ho Chi Minh City, September 2021 MINISTER OF EDUCATION STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY ------------------------- DUONG HA MY THE DETERMINANTS OF LIQUIDITY RISK OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM GRADUATE THESIS BANKING AND FINANCE MAJOR ID: 7340201 ADVISOR PH. NGUYEN DUY LINH Ho Chi Minh City, September 2021 i ABSTRACT SUMMARY The topic name: The determinants of liquidity risk of commercial banks in Vietnam. The main goals of the study are to find out factors that can explain the liquidity risk in Vietnamese commercial banks and evaluate their influence levels on the risk.
After that, several policy implications and recommendations will be proposed to enhance the liquidity ability of banks and prevent sudden liquidity shock. The study’s contents include: Firstly, the appearance of the study comes from the demand in limiting the risk of liquidity in commercial banks in the context of intense competition among banks. Secondly, the study makes a review of previous domestic and foreign research determining factors affecting liquidity risk to consider them as a theoretical basis and inherit the research models. Thirdly, the source of research data is collected from the financial reports of 25 commercial banks in Vietnam during the period from 2010-2020.
Fourthly, the author uses plenty of methods from qualitative (description, comparison, analysis.) to quantitative methods. Particularly, the panel data in research is regressed by implementing Pooled OLS, FEM, REM, and FGLS models. Finally, based on research results, the analysis, comments as well as conclusion are all demonstrated, to propose the author’s suggestions in staving off the liquidity risk in banks’ process of operation. The author hopes that this study can be a partial contribution to the research in the future as a reference and the research results are somehow useful to bank administrators, policymakers, and other scholars.
ii DISCLOSURE This study has never been submitted to any university for the completion of a graduate thesis. Except for the fully referenced citations in this thesis, this thesis is the author's original research effort, the research results are honest, and there are no contents previously published or created by others. I take full responsibility for this statement. Ho Chi Minh City, September 2021 The thesis’s author Duong Ha My iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express a vote of thanks to all the teachers of Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City for supporting, helping, and directly educating and imparting scientific knowledge specialized in Finance – Banking major, which is the foundation for the author to accomplish this thesis and apply it in practice.
Especially, I sincerely appreciate the scientific orientation role of a Ph. Nguyen Duy Linh in guiding, supporting, and commenting for my research paper on the topic “The determinants of liquidity risk of commercial banks in Vietnam”. I also would like to show my thankfulness to my family and friends for always supporting me, believing in me, and being the encouragement for me to complete this thesis. Due to the limitations in experience and knowledge of the author, the shortcomings are inevitable.
I am looking forward to receiving comments and advice from the teachers. Ho Chi Minh City, September 2021 The thesis’s author Duong Ha My iv COMMENTS OF ADVISOR. Ho Chi Minh City, September 2021 ADVISOR Ph. Nguyen Duy Linh v CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.
Objectives of the study. Research’s subject and range. Scientific and practical significance. Data collecting and analyzing .7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.
Theoretical foundations of bank liquidity. The definition of bank liquidity. Supply and demand of liquidity. Supply of liquidity.
Demand of liquidity. Net liquidity status. Theoretical foundations of liquidity risk. Definitions of liquidity risk.
Causes of liquidity risk. Liquidity risk and performance of banks. Liquidity risk measures. Liquidity risk ratios.
Factors affecting liquidity risk. Return on assets (ROA). Net interest margin (NIM). Total loans ratio (TLA).
Operating expenses ratio (CEA). Total deposits ratio (TDES). Economic growth rate (GDP) .22 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD. Proposing a research model.
The dependent variable – Liquidity risk measure (LIQ). The independent variables. Return on assets (ROA). Net interest margin (NIM).
Total loans ratio (TLA). Operating expenses ratio (CEA). Total deposits ratio (TDES). The economic growth rate (GDP).
Research sample and descriptive statistics. Models used for panel data. Choosing an appropriate model. Tests for defects of the chosen model .39 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH RESULTS.
Test of multi-collinearity. Correlations between variables. Regression results of three models: Pooled OLS, FEM, and REM. Choosing a suitable model.
Choosing between Pooled OLS and FEM. Choosing between FEM and REM. Tests for defects of FEM model. Test for heteroskedasticity.
Test for autocorrelation. Comparison between models .49 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Policy implications and recommendations for Vietnamese commercial banks to limit the liquidity risk. For commercial banks.
For the State bank. For the Government. Limitations of the study and next research directions. Limitations of the study.
Next research directions .58 ix LIST OF ACRONYMS No. Acronym Meaning 1 CAP Equity ratio 2 CEA Operating expenses to total assets ratio 3 FGLS Feasible generalized least squares model 4 GDP Economic growth rate 5 INF Rate of inflation 6 LIQ Liquidity risk measure 7 NIM Net interest margin 8 POLS Pooled ordinary least squares model 9 ROA Return on assets ratio 10 ROE Return on equity ratio 11 REM Random-effect model 12 TDES Deposits to total loans ratio 13 TLA Total loans to total assets ratio x LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Research process .6 Figure 3-1: Research process .32 LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1: Variables descriptions .29 Table 3-2: List of commercial banks in the research sample .33 Table 3-3: Descriptive statistics .35 Table 4-1: Correlations between variables.41 Table 4-2: VIF test .42 Table 4-3: Results of Pooled OLS, FEM, and REM .43 Table 4-4: Results of FGLS model .46 Table 4-5: Comparison between models .47 Table 4-6: Results summary. Introduction There has been a shortage of temporary liquidity in several banks in Vietnam since 2012 (Tran et al. Since then, increasing attention is paid to liquidity risk management to strengthen the trust of customers as long as avoid banking system crashes.
Theoretically, the liquidity of commercial banks is defined as the ability of a bank to fund increases in assets and meet obligations as they come due, without incurring unacceptable losses. The fundamental role of banks in the maturity transformation of short-term deposits into long-term loans makes banks inherently vulnerable to liquidity risk (BIS, 2008). Indeed, the Basel Committee (2009) explained that the viability of commercial banks depends on the liquidity position of banks. Diamond and Dybvig (1983) were the first to provide evidence on the vital role of the bank in the creation of liquidity.
In addition, Moussa (2015) also insisted that the liquidity risk level is strongly linked to effective banking operations, therefore, if liquidity is not generated properly, it may lead to insolvency when liquidity risk is high and low profitability in case of excessively low liquidity risk. Banks’ liquidity risk is not a new topic since there are several types of research in this area in different economies and regions in the world. However, this topic will never be outdated. As long as the bank systems exist and develop, studies on this topic are still considered essential to keep up with the changes in society and policies of the country.
The factors affecting liquidity risk can be classified into two groups which are internal determinants and external ones. The internal factors are bank size, capital ratio, credit risk, NIM, deposit ratio, ROA, ROE; and the externals include Inflation rate in the economy (INF) and Economic growth (GDP). 2 This paper aims to analyze how those determinants affect bank liquidity risk in Vietnam. Based on the analyzed results, several recommendations will be suggested for the more stable liquidity of Vietnamese commercial banks in the future.
Objectives of the study 1. General objectives The general objectives of this research are to analyze the determinants of liquidity risk of Vietnamese commercial banks, then suggest some practical recommendations to enhance liquidity systems in banks and build a solid defense against liquidity risk. Particular objectives Finding out and examining the determinants affecting liquidity risk of commercial banks in Vietnam. Verify the impact levels, impact directions of those determinants on the liquidity risk of commercial banks in Vietnam.
Proposing practical recommendations and policies for a better liquidity system of Vietnamese commercial banks. Research questions This study will focus on the following questions: (i) What factors affect the liquidity risk of commercial banks in Vietnam? (ii) What are the impact levels of these factors? Which one affects the liquidity risk of the banking system positively and negatively? (iii) What solutions can be taken to improve and maintain the optimal liquidity level and avoid the sudden liquidity risk for Vietnamese commercial banks? 1. Research’s subject and range 1. Research’s subject The subject of this study is the liquidity risk of commercial banks in Vietnam.
Research’s range The sample of the research is collected from financial reports of 25 commercial banks which are listed on stock exchanges in Vietnam in the period from 2010 to 2020. Scientific and practical significance The research results of this thesis can be used for reference purposes by administrators, policymakers, and scholars to contribute to improving the efficiency of the bank's operations as well as in banking research and administration. Research model The model that will be estimated in this study is: LIQ = β0 + β1*ROAit + β2*NIMit + β3*SIZEit + β4*CAPit+ β5*TLAit + β6*CEAit + β7*TDESit + β8*INFt + β9*GDPt +εit In which: 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 LIQ = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 LIQ is the dependent variable that indicates the liquidity position of the bank, depicting the bank's ability to absorb liquidity shocks. In theory, the higher the liquidity ratio, the better the bank can deal with stochastic withdrawals (Chawigza, 2004), and, in contrast, the lower the risk of liquidity level.
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 ROA = Return On Assets = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 Return on assets reflects the efficiency of the banks in assets utilizing (Tran et al. 𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 NIM = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 4 NIM indicates the efficiency of financial intermediation (Hamadi and Awdeh, 2012). SIZE = Size of the bank = natural logarithm of total assets Size can show the economies of scale. The large banks benefit from economies of scale which reduces the cost of production and information gathering (Boyd and Runkhle, 1993).
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒕𝒚 CAP = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 This ratio measures the proportion of equity to total assets. 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒏𝒔 TLA = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 TLA shows the weight of total loans over the total assets of banks. Since loans are illiquid assets, the higher this ratio is, the higher liquidity risk the bank will be vulnerable to. 𝑶𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒆𝒔 CEA = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 Operating expenses include personal expenses and other expenses (Moussa, 2015).
CEA shows the percentage of operating expenses in the total assets. 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒔 TDES = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕𝒔 Deposits comprise demand deposits and term deposits. TDES illustrates the proportion of total deposits to the total assets. INF = Rate of inflation INF shows the increase in the price index.
5 GDP = Gross domestic product GDP is primarily used to assess the health of a country's economy. Banks tend to hold more liquidity reserves during recession periods due to loan risks. Conversely, in periods of economic growth with higher interest rates, banks reduce liquidity reserves to increase lendings (Tran et al.