BANKING ACADEMY FACULTY OF FINANCE GRADUATION THESIS SUBJECT: FACTORS AFFECTING TAX REVENUE IN ASEAN COUNTRIES IN THE PERIOD FROM 1991 TO 2021 Student : Vu Minh Khue Class : K22CLCC Course : Advanced Program - Finance Student ID : 22A4010452 Instructor : MSc. Nguyen Thi Cam Giang Hanoi, April 25th 2023 BANKING ACADEMY FACULTY OF FINANCE GRADUATION THESIS SUBJECT: FACTORS AFFECTING TAX REVENUE IN ASEAN COUNTRIES IN THE PERIOD FROM 1991 TO 2021 Student : Vu Minh Khue Class : K22CLCC Course : Advanced Program - Finance Student ID : 22A4010452 Instructor : MSc. Nguyen Thi Cam Giang Hanoi, April 25th 2023 Protestation My research “Factors affecting tax revenue in ASEAN countries in the period from 1991 to 2021” is guranteed that this is an independent research under the guidance of instructor who is MSc. Nguyen Thi Cam Giang.
There are no signs of duplicating research content of other studies. The research data and results are completely honest and transparency. I would like to take full responsibility and discipline of Thesis Committee and Banking Academy if there is any violation of academic integrity detected in my thesis research. i Acknowledgment To finish my thesis, I want to express my appreciation to the Faculty of Finance’s lecturers in the Banking Academy because you create opportunities for me to study, practice and accumulate knowledge and skills to carry out the thesis.
Especially, I really want to thank MSc. Nguyen Thi Cam Giang, my thesis instructor, and Dr. Nguyen Trong Hoa, Econometrics Lecturer for carefully guiding, monitoring and giving useful advice to help me solve the problems encountered during the research and completing my thesis in the best way. Due to the limitation of knowledge and the lack of practical experience, my thesis content may have shortcomings and I look forward to receiving more advice and instruction from you.
Finally, I would like to wish you all the best of health and success in your work. Best regards Vu Minh Khue ii TABLE OF CONTENT I. The necessity of research. Scope of research.
Structure of research. 3 Chapter 1: Literature Review. An overview of foreign research all over the world. An overview of Vietnam research.
Results inherited in the previous studies. 13 Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework. Tax Definition and Taxation Theories. Factors affecting tax revenue.
Factor affecting tax revenue in ASEAN countries. The Empirical Model of Taxation: Castro and Camarillo (2014). 26 Chapter 3: Research Methodology. Data Collection Methods.
Data Analysis Method. 35 Chapter 4: Results and Analysis. Descriptive statistics of the study. 37 Chapter 5: General Discussion for ASEAN countries and recommendations for Vietnam 54 5.
General Discussion for ASEAN countries. Recommendations for Vietnam. Summary the content of each part in research. Assessment of supportive level of research for taxation theory and practical.
Results of Stationary Test for Database. Results of Cointegration Test for Database. FE model’s Modified Wald Test Result. FE model’s Autocorrelation Test Result.
ASSESSMENT AND THE CONFIRMATION OF INTERNSHIP UNIT. 76 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Meaning ADB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of SouthEast Asian Nations WDI Worldwide Data Indicator iv INF International Monetary Fund MOF Ministry of Finance GDP Gross Domestic Product ODA Official development assistance INF Inflation IND Industrial Value Added ARG Agriculture Value Added EXDEBT External Public Debt POLRIG Political Right Index CIVILB Civil Liberties Index TPPT Time to prepare and pay taxes CPI Corruption Perception Index FDI Foreign Direct Investment LIFEXP Life Expectancy INFMOR Infant Mortality Rate LIST OF TABLES Tables Page Table 2.4: ASEAN Countries’ Corruption Perception Index (CPI) 2022 32 Table 3.3: The information of data sources of variables 39 - 40 Table 4.1: Stationary Test Results 45 v Table 4.2: Cointegration Test Results 47 - 48 LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page Figure 2.4: Tax-to-GDP ratios in Asian and Pacific economies (total tax revenue 29 as % of GDP), 2020 Figure 3.1: Relationship between economic, social and political factors and tax 35 revenue in ASEAN countries from 1991 to 2021 Figure 4.1: The summary table of data descriptive results 42 Figure 4.3: Pooled OLS model’s results 49 Figure 4.1a: Results of Multicollinearity Test for Pooled OLS Model 50 Figure 4.1b: Result of White Test for Pooled OLS Model 51 Figure 4.1c: Pooled OLS model - Autocorrelation Test’s Results 52 Figure 4.2a: Results of FE Model 54 Figure 4.2b: Results of RE Model 55 Figure 4.3a: The comparison between FE & RE model’s results 56 Figure 4.3b: Result of GLS Model 58 vi I. The necessity of research Nowadays, the fundamental government budget collection of most countries all over the world, especially ASEAN countries, is from tax revenue. There are several prominent studies with outstanding results when studying factors affecting tax revenue in countries all over the world.
In particular, some studies following quality of governance research direction to study factors having impact on tax revenue are Makmun Syadullah & Tri Wibowo (2015), Dumisani Pamba (2023), Epaphra and Massawe (2017) while there are some studies following the social - political theory on taxation such as Castañeda Rodríguez (2018), Ayenew (2016), Le Thi Huong Mai, Dinh Tran Ngoc Huy and Tran Van Hung (2021). However, due to the difference in the natural conditions and socio-economic background, studying factors affecting tax revenue in a particular or several countries will meet some limitations. Therefore, the results of analysis will lead to homogeneity among studied countries. For this reason, it is necessary for me to inherit the results of the previous studies and conduct research studying factors affecting tax revenue in ASEAN countries in the period from 1991 to 2021.
Research goals The aims of this study consist of three main purposes: - Applying tax knowledge learned and the understanding of tax theories to study and find out the factors affecting tax revenue in ASEAN countries in the period from 1991 to 2021. - Building research model based on previous models and the creativity of variables to match the research scope, then running the model through econometric tools to determine the influence of each factor for tax revenue in ASEAN countries - From determining the influence of factors, the study will make recommendations on tax collection policies in ASEAN countries. Besides, giving specific lessons for Vietnam to build a better tax collection system in the future. Scope of research The scope of research will be to study the factors affecting tax revenue of nine ASEAN countries including Vietnam, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Philippines, Laos in the period from 1991 to 2021.
Methodology Research methodologies used in the study include: - Data collection methods; - Qualitative research methods; - Quantitative research methods. Structure of research The structure of my research includes four main parts and each parts’content is presented below: I. Research Content - Chapter 1: Research Overview - Chapter 2: Theoretical Framework - Chapter 3: Research Methodology - Chapter 4: Result and Analysis - Chapter 5: General discussion for ASEAN countries and recommendations for Vietnam III. Conclusion - Summary of research results - Assessment of supportive level of research for taxation theory and practical IV.
RESEARCH CONTENT Chapter 1: Literature Review 1. An overview of foreign research all over the world It can be said that researching factors affecting tax collection activity is necessary because tax is the main source of government budget revenue of most countries all over the world. Especially, the crisis of Covid 19 pandemic and the happening of political events have made the studies of these factors even more promoted with the aim of making better tax collection policies. In this section, my research will give an overview of foreign related studies about research trends when studying factors affecting tax revenue, methodology used, the results in previous research and the comparison of the research results.
Research on factors affecting tax collection activities of countries have been very popular in the mid 20th century and become more dense with new perspectives supporting the points in the previous research in the 21st century. In the mid 20th century, in the period from 1970 to 1980, two prominent studies that can be mentioned are research by Cheliah (1971) and Chelliah et al (1975). Research by Chelliah (1971) named “Trends in Taxation in Developing Countries” used tax data which was collected for a representative group of countries for the beginning and end of the 15-year period which were tax data from 1953 to 1955 and from 1966 to 1968. The number of studied countries in these periods was about 27 or 30 developing countries for the analysis of the tax changes over the 15 - year period while the cross section analysis of the data for the period from 1966 to 1968 was 50 developing countries.
To discuss taxation trends in developing countries, the research concentrated on two factors including tax ratio and composition of tax revenue which had a direct relationship with tax collection activities and the developing government's decision to adjust tax collection policy. For the cross section analysis, the methodology used in the study was the regression models made by the author. The regression models mainly stated the relationship between the factors affecting tax ratio (GDP, non-export income, share of mining in GDP, share of agriculture in GDP, Export ratio, etc) and tax ratio, and the relationship of direct and indirect taxes 3 with total tax revenue. Meanwhile, studying the change of tax ratio, the author used a regression model to learn about the relationship between marginal tax rate and tax ratio.
Then, the author used the statistical results from those models to measure the influence of each factor on tax collection activities of developing countries and drew some notable conclusions. The results showed that the percentage of both mining in GDP and exports without mining had a positive impact on tax revenue whereas the percentage of agriculture had a negative influence. Besides, this research also said that developing countries with higher per capita income would result in a higher level of development and higher ability to pay taxes, however, there was no relationship between capita income and tax revenue. In 1975, Chelliah and his partners continued conducting another research namely “Tax Ratios and Tax Effort in Developing Countries” in the period from 1969 to 1971.
This study was conducted to update the major results of cross section analysis of his study in 1971. Chelliah (1975) studied 47 developing countries and used regression models to continue studying the influence of factors related to tax ratio and compositions of tax revenue on tax collection activities of developing countries. The results still showed that the proportion of both mining in GDP and agriculture still had the same impact on tax revenue as the results in study 1971. Additionally, the authors also stated that share of trade per capita income (without exports) and exports (without mining) did not have influence on tax revenue.
From 1990 to 2000, there were also two notable studies by Stotsky and WoldeMarian (1997) and Tanzi (1992). Study by Stotsky and WoldeMarian (1997) named “Tax Effort in Sub-Saharan Africa ''. This study used regression models to show the relationship between six variables including share of agriculture, share of mining, share of manufacturing, per capita income, share of exports in GDP, share of imports in GDP and tax collection activities in 46 Sub-Saharan African countries in the period from 1990 to 1995. The results showed that the share of exports and the GDP per capita had positive impacts on tax revenue while the share of agriculture and mining had a negative influence.
Meanwhile, the share of manufacturing and import density did not affect tax revenue in Sub-Saharan African countries. Study by Tanzi (1992) named “Structural Factors and Tax Revenue in Developing Countries: A Decade of 4 Evidence” finding the factors affecting tax revenue in developing countries and the scope of study was 83 developing countries in the period from 1978 to 1988. This study extended Tanzi’s previous study (1987)’s results.