Cirrhosis A practical guide to management Cirrhosis A practical guide to management EDITED BY Samuel S. Lee, MD, FRCPC Professor of Medicine University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine Calgary, Canada Richard Moreau, MD Deputy Director INSERM, U114, Centre de Recherche sur l’Inflammation (CRI), Paris, France; UMRS 1149, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire UNITY, Service d’Hépatologie, Hôpital Beaujon, APHP, Clichy, France FI RST EDI TI ON FOREWORD BY SAMUEL S. LEE AND RICHARD MOREAU This edition first published 2015 2015 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as United States government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright, and any views expressed therein do not necessarily represent the views of the United States government.
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Moreau, Richard, 1951- , editor. Liver Cirrhosis–diagnosis. Liver Cirrhosis–therapy. Liver Diseases–complications.3´ 624–dc23 2014032682 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.5/12 MeridienLTStd-Roman by Thomson Digital, Noida, India 1 2015 Contents List of contributors, vii 12 Malnutrition and nutritional support, 124 Foreword, xi Jian-Gao Fan and Hai-Xia Cao 13 Varices, portal hypertensive gastropathy List of abbreviations, xiii and GAVE, 137 Isabelle Colle, Xavier Verhelst, Anja Geerts, and Part 1: Diagnosis and pathophysiology Hans Van Vlierberghe 1 Clinical clues to the diagnosis 14 Ascites, 151 of cirrhosis, 3 Andrés Cárdenas, Isabel Graupera, and Pere Ginès Y. Chawla and Vijay Bodh 15 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and other 2 Diagnostic laboratory tests, 12 infections, 164 Ying-Ying Yang and Han-Chieh Lin Thierry Gustot and Richard Moreau 3 Diagnostic imaging modalities, 21 16 Hepatorenal syndrome and acute kidney injury, 175 Soon Koo Baik, Moon Young Kim, and Florence Wong Woo Kyoung Jeong 17 The hepatopulmonary syndrome, 189 4 Histology/pathology, 35 Moises Ilan Nevah Rubin and Michael B. Fallon Valérie Paradis 18 Hyponatremia and other electrolyte/ion 5 Fibrosis and fibrogenesis, 46 disorders, 199 Namiki Izumi, Nobuharu Tamaki, Yasuhiro Asahina, Salvatore Piano, Filippo Morando, and and Masayuki Kurosaki Paolo Angeli 6 Non-invasive diagnosis tests, 53 19 Portopulmonary hypertension, 212 Laurent Castera Rodrigo Cartin-Ceba and Michael J.
Krowka 7 Evaluating prognosis, 63 20 Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, 225 Sumeet K. Asrani and Patrick S. Kamath Hongqun Liu and Samuel S. Lee 8 End-stage liver failure: liver transplant 21 Adrenal insufficiency, 236 evaluation, 75 Emily Dannhorn and James O’Beirne Sebastián Marciano and Adrián Gadano 22 Coagulopathy and clotting disorders, 249 Marco Senzolo and A.
Burroughs Part 2: Complications of cirrhosis 23 Agents and drugs: precautions in patients 9 Acute-on-chronic liver failure, 87 with cirrhosis, 261 Danielle Adebayo, Vincenzo Morabito, and Felix Stickel Rajiv Jalan 24 Changing outcomes with antiviral or antifibrotic 10 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 94 therapies, 274 Kwang-Hyub Han and Do Young Kim Gamal Esmat and Maissa El Raziky 11 Hepatic encephalopathy, 105 25 Bone disorders, 283 Piero Amodio Jane Collier v vi Contents 26 Pruritus, 291 28 Special considerations in children, 311 Nora V. Bergasa Alejandro Costaguta and Fernando Alvarez 27 Quality of life and symptom management, 301 Ayman A. Abdo and Faisal M. Sanai Index, 323 List of contributors Ayman A.
Abdo, MD, FRCPC A. Burroughs, MD (deceased) Professor, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of The Royal Free Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre and University Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University; Department of Surgery, Department of Intensive Care, Royal King Saud University Liver Disease Research Center, Riyadh, Free Hospital, London, UK Saudi Arabia Hai-Xia Cao, PhD, MD Danielle Adebayo, BSc, MBBS, MRCP Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatology Research Fellow, Liver Failure Group, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Fernando Alvarez, MD Andrés Cárdenas, MD, MMSc, AGAF Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU- Sainte Faculty Member, Senior Specialist, GI Unit, Hospital Clínic and Justine, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada University of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi-Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Ciber de Enfermedades Hepaticas Piero Amodio, MD y Digestivas (CIBERHED) Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy Rodrigo Cartin-Ceba, MD Assistant Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Paolo Angeli, MD, PhD Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Unit of Hepatic Emergencies and Liver Transplantation, Laurent Castera, MD, PhD University of Padova, Padova, Italy Senior Consultant in Hepatology, Department of Hepatology, Hopital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Yasuhiro Asahina, MD, PhD INSERM U773, Clichy, France Professor, Department of Hepatitis Investigation, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan Y. Chawla, MD, DM (Gastroenterology), FAMS Professor, Department of Hepatology, Post Graduate Institute of Sumeet K. Asrani, MD, MSc Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India Hepatology Fellow, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA Isabelle Colle, MD, PhD Full Professor, Ghent University, Belgium; Soon Koo Baik, MD, PhD Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Algemeen Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Stedelijk Ziekenhuis (ASZ), Aalst, Belgium and Ghent Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, University Republic of Korea Jane Collier, MD, MBChB, FRCP Nora V.
Bergasa, MD Consultant in Hepatology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK Chief, Department of Medicine, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA; Professor of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, Alejandro Costaguta, MD New York, NY, USA Jefe, Servicio de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición, Sanatorio de Niños, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina Vijay Bodh, MD Fellow in DM (Heptology), Department of Hepatology, Emily Dannhorn, MBBS, MRCP Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Specialist Registrar in Hepatology, Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India Royal Free Hospital, London, UK vii viii List of contributors Maissa El Raziky, MD Kwang-Hyub Han, MD Professor of Endemic Medicine and Hepatology, Director of the Professor and Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine, Hepatic Schistosomiasis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Namiki Izumi, MD, PhD Gamal Esmat, MD Chief, Vice President, Department of Gastroenterology Vice President for Graduate Studies and Research Cairo and Hepatology, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, University, Professor of Endemic Medicine and Hepatology, Tokyo, Japan Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt Rajiv Jalan, MBBS, MD, PhD, FRCPE, FRCP Michael B. Fallon, MD Professor of Hepatology, Liver Failure Group, Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK The University of Texas, Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA Woo Kyoung Jeong, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology Jian-Gao Fan, PhD, MD and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Professor and Director, Department of Gastroenterology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric, Gastroenterology and Republic of Korea Nutrition, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China Patrick S. Kamath, MD Professor of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Adrián Gadano, MD, PhD Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Associate Professor and Chief, Department of Medicine and Liver MN, USA Unit, Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina Do Young Kim, MD, PhD Anja Geerts, MD, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Professor, Ghent University, Belgium; University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium Moon Young Kim, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Pere Ginès, MD, PhD Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea Chairman – Liver Unit, Professor of Medicine, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic and University of Barcelona; Institut Michael J. Krowka, MD d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi-Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Professor of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Ciber de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas (CIBERHED); Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica (IRSIN), Barcelona, Spain Masayuki Kurosaki, MD, PhD Director, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Isabel Graupera, MD Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic and University of Barcelona; Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi-Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Ciber de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas Samuel S.