VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FALCUTY OF AGRONOMY UNDERGRADUATE THESIS TITLE: EFFECT OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN VARIETY VNUAD2 IN WINTER SEASON 2021 Student: LE DUC HIEN ID: 620010 Class: K62KHCTT Supervisor: Senior lecturer, Dr. VU THI THUY HANG Department: PLANT GENETICS AND BREEDING HA NOI – March, 2021 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this paper is my own work. All results and data in this thesis are absolutely honest and have not been submitted before to any institution for assessment purposes. All sources used in this paper were cited in references.
Hanoi, 10th March 2022 Student Lê Đức Hiền i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To complete this thesis, I am deeply indebted to people who have been providing me with precious support and advice. Firstly, I would like to send my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Vu Thi Thuy Hang, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Agronomy, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, for her enthusiastic support, helpful advice and considerable encouragement in the completion of my thesis. I would also like to express sincere thanks to the lecturers from the Faculty of Agronomy in general and lecturers in the Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding in particular, who taught and created best conditions for students during learning process and research.
I would like to give special thanks to Dr. Vu Ngoc Thang, Ms. Phạm Thị Ly and Mr. Hoàng Đức Nhật Linh for their helpful technical supports.
Last but not least, I want to express my sincere thanks to my family and friends who have always been by my side, give me support and strength to complete this graduation thesis. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii LIST OF TABLES.
v LIST OF FIGURES. Objective and requirements. 2 PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW. Classification, origin of soybean.
Origin of soybean. Classification of soybean. Soybean production in the world. Soybean production in Vietnam.
Values of soybean. Fertilizer application in soybean production. General principles of fertilizer application. Research on fertilizer application for soybean in the world.
Research on fertilizer application for soybean in Vietnam. MATERIALS AND METHOD. Location and time. Growth and development characters.
Yield components and yield. Evaluation of disease and pest damage and lodging resistance of VNUAD2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Effects of fertilizers on growth of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021 .2 Effects of fertilizers on fresh weight of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021 at different growth stages.
Effects of fertilizer on dry weight of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021 at different growth stages. Effects of fertilizers on nodule formation of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021 at different growth stages. Effects of fertilizer on leaf area and leaf area index of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021 at different growth stages. Effects of fertilizers on yield components of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021.
Effect of fertilizers on individual yield and yield of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021. Effects of fertilizers on disease, pest damage and lodging resistance of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS. 53 SOME PICTURES ABOUT PROCESS CONDUCTED UNDERGRADUATE THESIS.
55 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Status of soybean production in the world in the period 2010- 2020. Area, yield and production of soybeans of some countries in the period 2015-2020. Area, yield and production of soybean in Vietnam during 2010- 2020.
Measured traits for VNUAD2 in winter season 2021. Yield components and yield measurement for VNUAD2 in winter season 2021. Evaluation of disease and pest damage and lodging resistance of soybean. Effects of fertilizers on growth of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021.
Effects of fertilizers on fresh weight of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021 at different growth stages. Effects of fertilizer on dry weight of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021 at different growth stages. Effects of fertilizer on nodules of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021 at different growth stages. Effects of fertilizer on leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021 at different growth stages.
Effects of fertilizers on yield components of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021. Effects of fertilizers on individual yield and yield of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021. Effects of fertilizers on disease, pest damage and lodging resistance of VNUAD2 variety in winter season 2021. 49 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 4.
Growth of VNUAD2 at different fertilizer treatment at podding stage. Nodule formation of VNUAD2 at different fertilizer treatment. 41 vi ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the most suitable levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers for growth and yield of soybean variety VNUAD2. The experiment design split plot design with 3 replications.
Three levels of nitrogen (40, 50 and 60 kg/ha) and four levels of potassium (60, 80, 100 and 120 kg/ha) were applied. Plant density was of 50 plants/m², with 2 rows/plot and plot size of 5 m2. Measured traits included growth characters such as plant height, height of first pod insertion, number of leaves, nodes and primary branches on main stem, dry and fresh weight of plants, nodule formation, yield components and yield. Pest and disease resistance and lodging resistance were also recorded.
Results showed that the growth parameters were affected by different fertilizer rates. The amount of nitrogen at the level of 50 kg/ha and the amount of potassium at the level of 100 kg/ha resulted in higher plant height, first pod insert height, number of nodes, number of leaves, and number of primary branches. Different rates of nitrogen and potassium also affect fresh and dry weight stem and roots, nodule characters and leaf areas at different growth stages. The level of 50 kg/ha of nitrogen and 100 kg/ha of potassium provided the higher values than other rates.
Besides, the leaf area and leaf area index reached the high values at the application of 60 kg/ha of nitrogen and 80 kg/ha of potassium at the fruiting stage. Yield components were also affected by different rates of fertilizer application. Individual yield and yield achieved significantly high values when fertilizer was applied at 50 kg/ha for nitrogen and at 100 kg/ha for potassium. Merrill) is a short-term industrial crop with multi-faceted effects.
It is a plant of high economic value, occupies an important position in the transformation of crop structure and diversity agricultural products in our country towards commodity agricultural production and sustainable agricultural development. In addition, soybean is also a plant with the ability to fix nitrogen, increase soil fertility, and improve soil very well. Its products are a source of food for humans, animal feed, raw materials for the processing industry, and valuable export items. Therefore, soybean cultivation has long been interesting and strongly developed in many countries around the world, including Vietnam (Duong Hong Dat, 2012).
Soybean is one of the most important grain legumes in terms of its use as food, animal feed, and industrial material, with seeds being characterized by a high content of protein (30 – 48%) and oil (13 – 22%). Soybean is ranked number one in the world oil production (48%) in the international trade markets among the major crops, including cottonseed, peanut, sunflower seed, coconut and palm kernel (Singh and Hymowitz 1999). In addition, soybean, as other legume plays a critical and important role in ecosystems and sustainable agriculture because of its ability to sequester C while enhancing soil quality and tilth (Graham and Vance 2003). Its capacity for symbiotic nitrogen fixation with compatible rhizobia (Graham and Vance 2003) provides essential and „free‟ nitrogen for use by the host plants or by associated or subsequent crops.
Soybean was domesticated from wild soybean, Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc in the cool, humid north-east of China (Hymowitz 1970). Then, the soybean was disseminated to other Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, Indonesia, the Philippines, India, Thailand, and Vietnam. By the 16th and 17th centuries, the soybean was introduced to Europe and North America (Singh and 1 Hymowitz 1999).
Since the crop improvements aimed soybean as a grain crop started in the 1920s in well- irrigated areas of United States, soybean has become a large commercial grain crop and has been breed for mechanized agriculture (Hymowitz 1988). Nowadays, the soybean is a world crop, cultivated widely in the USA, Brazil, Argentina, China and India. Soybean production is affected by many factors including varieties, agronomic practices, and climate conditions. Of which, agronomical practices such as plant density, sowing time and fertilizer application are need to be studied to find the most suitable practice for any new varieties.
VNUAD2 is a new soybean variety and its plant density of 40 – 50 plant/m2 was identified by Vu et al. However, there have not been studies on fertilizer application for it. Therefore, we conduct the “Effect of fertilizer application on growth and yield of soybean variety VNUAD2. Objective and requirements 1.
Objective Identify the most suitable levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers for growth and yield of soybean variety VNUAD2. Requirements VNUAD2 was grown in winter season 2021 in Gia Lam. Different levels nitrogen and potassium fertilizer were applied to VNUAD2. The study required evaluation of growth and yield of VNUAD2 for: - Agronomical traits related to growth and development of VNUAD2 under different fertilizer application treatments - Yield components and yield of VNUAD2 under different fertilizer application - Based on growth performance and yield of VNUAD2 to select the most suitable level of fertilizer application 2 PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.
Classification, origin of soybean 2. Origin of soybean The soybean (Glycine max (L).) is believed to be one of the oldest food crops in the world. Some evidences that relate to history, geography and archaeology all indicate that soybeans are native to Asia and originated in China. The soybean was domesticated from its wild ancestor (called Glycine soja) which was distributed throughout China, Japan, Korea, East Asia but its distribution in China is most extensive the largest (Qiu and Chang, 2010).
Based on historical observations, both Fukuda (1933) and Hymowitz (1970) thought that Northeast of China was the origin of soybean because various semi-wild soybeans were distributed there and many soybean varieties carried primary features in this region. However, many other theories are that soybean is originated from the south of China (Wang, 1947; Ding et al., 2008) or from other areas in China (Lu, 1978). Soybean spread to Europe and America in the 18th century and was first introduced to Africa in the early 19th century, through Southern Africa. The immense economic values of soybeans were really approved in the 1920s.
Only when considered as seed crops and cultivated in favorable irrigation areas in the US, has soybean become such a crop with great commercial values and selected for mechanized agriculture (Hymowitz, 1988). Some studies documented that soybean was cultivated in Vietnam during Hung dynasty and even earlier than mung bean and black bean (Ngo The Dan et al. Despite its very early appearance, soybean has been developed as a potential crop with high nutrition values and made a great contribution to Vietnam‟s economy over a few decades. However, both soybean cultivation area and productivity are still much lower than these of other countries in the world.
3 Nowadays, Vietnam still imports a large quantity of soybean and its processed products from US, China and other countries. Classification of soybean Soybean is polyploidy origin due to high chromosome number; it includes diploid and tetraploid nature (2n = 40 or 4n = 40) in the family Leguminosae, the subfamily Papilionoideae, the tribe Phaseoleae and the genus Glycine and, scientific name is Glycine max (L. There are many different classifications, but so far, the system of classification was mainly relied on morphological characteristics, geographical distribution and the number of chromosomes.