BANKING ACADEMY FACULTY OF FINANCE AND BANKING GRADUATION THESIS Topic: Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) according to Basel at Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Foreign Trade of Vietnam (Vietcombank) Supervisor: Assoc. Nguyen Thuy Duong Student: Nguyen Phuong Linh Class: K18CLCB Student ID: 18A4000418 Hanoi, May 2019 COMMITTEE I make guarantee that the thesis is my own research project which has been conducted after durations of studying and doing research in reality and under supervisor of Assoc. Nguyen Thuy Duong. The information and contents stated in the thesis are based on the actual research I conducted and are strictly true to the source of citation.
The sources of information are properly and thoroughly indicated in Reference and other forms according to the regulations of the Banking Academy. Opinions, analysis indicated in the thesis are based on the author’s personal view after the thorough research duration. Nguyen Phuong Linh i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT For the completion of this graduation thesis, in addition to my efforts, I have received a lot of attentions and dedicated guidance. First of all, I would like to express my sincere gratefulness to my instructor - Assoc.
Nguyen Thuy Duong, who dedicated her guidance to me for the completion of this thesis. She has always given me a clear direction throughout the study duration, detailed feedbacks for the best version of the thesis. Besides, I would like to send my appreciation to teachers at the Banking Academy for teaching and equipping me with various specialized knowledge necessary for the research period and my career path. Lastly, I would also like to thank the officials of Credit Risk Management Department at Vietcombank Head office for facilitating and helping me during the implementation of the project.
They have always eagerly provided useful materials needed for thesis analysis. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS COMMITTEE. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii LIST OF TABLES.
vi LIST OF FIGURES. vii LIST OF EQUATIONS. DATA AND METHODOLOGY. LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH.
OVERVIEW OF CAR ACCORDING TO BASEL ACCORD. BACKGROUND OF BASEL. CAR ACCORDING TO BASEL. CAR according to Basel I.
CAR according to Basel II. OVERVIEW ON CIRCULAR 41 OF SBV. CAR ACCORDING TO BASEL AT VIETCOMBANK. OVERVIEW ABOUT VIETCOMBANK.
Foundation and development. CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO (CAR) AT VIETCOMBANK. The duration before 2005. The duration from 2005 to 2009.
The duration from 2010 up to now. REQUIREMENT FOR VIETCOMBANK TO IMPLEMENT CAR REGULATION ACCORDING TO CIRCULAR 41.Organizational structure and internal audit regarding capital adequacy ratio management. Database and information technology system. PREPARATION FOR CAR ACCORDING TO CIRCULAR 41.
Requirement for data. Internal regulation of CAR calculation at Vietcombank. General Assessment of the implementation process at Vietcombank. CAR CALCULATION AT VIETCOMBANK.
Components of asset in calculating CAR. CAR management process. Early warning in capital adequacy ratio management. CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO ACCORDING TO CIRCULAR 41.
RESULTS OF CAR IMPLEMENTATION ACCORDING TO CIRCULAR 41 .1 Achievements of Vietcombank on CAR implementation. Difficulties in the duration of CAR implementation. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF CAR. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE STATE BANK OF VIETNAM.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR VIETCOMBANK. The solutions relating to capital mobilization. The solutions relating to banking management. 73 REFERENCES APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 4 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1: The three pillars of the Basel II Accord.
Comparison of Basel I and Basel II. Beta coefficient according to banking major. Foreign Exchange Risk. Equity and CAR ratio of State-owned commercial banks on 31st December 2005 (BN VND).
CAR at Vietcombank from 2011 to 2018. 34 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1. Vietcombank Organizational Structure .The fluctuation of CAR ratio of three big commercial banks. CAR operation structure.
CAR Management Process. 53 LIST OF EQUATIONS Equation 1-1. Capital adequacy requirement under Basel II. Risk-weighted Asset.
Reserve capital for operational risk according to BIA. Reserve capital for operational risk according to TSA. CAR at Vietcombank. 43 vii ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviation Meaning BCBS Basel Committee on Banking Supervision BI Business indicator BIS Bank for International Settlement BOD Board of Director BOM Board of Management CAR Capital Adequacy Ratio CPD Credit Policy Department GAAR General Accounting and Accounting Regime HO Head Office JSCBs Joint Stock Commercial Banks JSSOCBs Joint Stock Stated Owned Commercials Banks MRMD Market Risk Management Department OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ORMD Operational Risk Management Department RBD Retail Banking Department RMC Risk Management Committee RWA Risk-Weighted Asset SBV State Bank of Vietnam TBOD Treasury Back Office Department VCBS Vietcombank Securities viii INTRODUCTION 1.
RATIONALE Since the beginning of the 1980s, the impact of the loosening of financial rules, the innovation of technology in banking sector and the agile global integration into financial market has intensified the complexity and risk level of operational banking environment. Financial risks have appeared with high frequency and severity, continually pushing domestic and foreign economic entities to face many other risks. Consequently, commercial banks around the world have paid more attention to risk management in their business activities. Vietnamese commercial banks have also followed this trend, with Basel risk management standards being included in the roadmap proposed by the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) as part of the Prime Minister’s scheme "Restructuring Credit institutions system in the duration of 2011- 2015".
Among the standards set out, the guarantee of a minimum capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is crucial for Vietnamese commercial banks. The capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is an economic indicator reflecting the relationship between equity and risk- adjusted assets of commercial banks. CAR is an important coefficient to measure the safety of the bank's operations, which was established and developed by the Basel Committee's leading banking experts. According to the strategy for the development of the Vietnamese banking sector, by 2020, commercial banks will have their equity capital in compliance with Basel II standards.
In addition, by 2025, all commercial banks apply Basel II in the aspect of the standard method, thus pilot Basel II implementation with advanced methods. For standardization of the implementing process of the entire commercial banking system, in 2016, the SBV issued Circular 41/2016/TT-NHNN on “Prescribing the capital adequacy ratio for operations of banks and/or foreign bank branches”. Moreover, two years earlier 10 commercial banks had been chosen to pilot regulations relevant to Basel II. ix Vietcombank, one of the leading banks in the field of Finance and Banking, has been selected to implement Basel II.
On November 28th, 2018, the SBV decided to recognize Vietcombank as successfully adapting the Basel II standards in accordance with the Circular 41, a year earlier than stipulated, marking an important step of the Accord implementation roadmap for not only the individual bank but also for the entire Vietnamese banking system. Being one of the two leading banks for Circular 41’s CAR satisfaction, preparation process in terms of contents, organizational structure, Basel II satisfaction method is necessarily to be analyzed and synthesized; therefore, an overview of the implementation status and existing problems in minimum CAR calculation at Vietcombank are explored here along with certain recommended suggestions. LITERATURE REVIEW According to Le Cong (2017), after the financial crisis in the world in 2008, it can be seen that banking is one of the areas that face most types of risks, especially in the period of increasingly integration and the international expansion of service market, causing great losses to commercial banking system. In this context, no bank can sustain the unpredictable changes of financial market without building an effective risk management system.
The Accord of Basel II has become a common standard in risk management activities of banks around the world, in which banks comply with international practices and standards to standardize, improve the soundness of banking sector, enhancing successful integration. However, compared to other countries in Asia in general and ASEAN region in particular, the application of Basel II in Vietnamese commercial banks has faced many limitations. Hoang Van Cuong and partners (2018) also indicated that the process of international economic integration puts pressure on the enlargement of capital scale in Vietnamese commercial bank with the aim of enhancing competitiveness of the community in the international financial market. Global integration has become an indispensable trend of economies in the world today due to the superior benefits of the risks it brings, x depending on the availability and competitiveness of each economy.
Vietnam has become an active participant in the globalization process, including the banking sector and other financial services. The integration process has given the Vietnamese banking sector a lot of development benefits but also a number of emerging challenges, especially the market competition challenge. Low capital size is one of the reasons for the competitiveness of Vietnam's banking industry being inferior to the banking sector of other countries. Capital is considered an important criterion to ensure a bank's ability to do business.
Friedman and Schwart (1963) concluded that the banking crisis was the cause of the financial crisis. Therefore, to protect depositors and avoid the collapse of the banking system, supervisory agencies have focused on the use of CAR capital adequacy ratio (Capital Adequacy Ratio) in accordance with Basel standards to promote the stability and effectiveness of the financial system (Casu et al, 2015). The level of capital has become a monitoring standard, a key factor to assess the stability and transparency of the system, helping to buffer banks against financial shocks; protect depositors and banks themselves (Jeff, 1990; Hoggarth et al. Vo Hong Duc (2014) wrote: “The capital adequacy ratio is a safety indicator in the operation of bank, clearly defined in regulations of international banks (Basel standard).
Capital adequacy ratio is used as an indicator for banks and investors to recognize the risk level of each bank. This ratio is often used to signal the depositors to the bank's risk and also aims to increase the stability and effectiveness of the commercial banking system. With this capital adequacy ratio, investors can determine the bank's ability to make repayments of term debts and risks. In fact, when the bank ensures this capital adequacy ratio, the bank has the ability to resist financial shocks, protect itself, and protect its customers.” Bank capital is contributed by shareholders - investors in common and preferred stocks that a bank has issued (Rose and Hudgins, 2013).
According to Casu et al (2015), bank capital is understood as net asset value (total assets minus total debt). The Basel Treaty proposed two types of tier 1 and tier 2 capital. The level of capital xi availability, according to the Basel Treaty, is the amount of capital related to the assets and loans of a financial institution, depending on the size and quality of property (Casu et al, 2015). Banks measure risk levels through risky assets (RWA) (BIS, 1999).
The level of capital is calculated based on the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) - the rate set by the state management agency, ie the bank's capital amount is expressed as a percentage of risk. Economic integration is strongly associated with global business activities, Vietnamese commercial banks are actively part of the trend. The approach to Basel's risk management standards has been included in the roadmap by the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) under the scheme "Restructuring the system of credit institutions in the period of 2011-2015" of Prime Minister. Among the standards set out, ensuring the minimum capital adequacy ratio (CAR) is being applied by Vietnamese commercial banks.
After a series of changes in the implementation requlations, on December 30, 2016, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) officially issued Circular 41/2016/TT-NHNN on the adequacy capital ratio for banks and foreign bank branches. Tran Thuy Ngoc, Deputy Director of Deloitte Vietnam said that the Circular has shown the determination to improve the operation of Vietnam's banking industry in a sound and effective direction, with a guideline on safety regulations.