VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTIES OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES -------------------------- NGUYỄN THỊ THÙY A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF IDIOMS DENOTING FEAR IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (Phân tích đối chiếu các thành ngữ chỉ nỗi sợ hãi trong Tiếng Anh và Tiếng Việt) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 602215 Hanoi, 2010 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTIES OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES -------------------------- NGUYỄN THỊ THÙY A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF IDIOMS DENOTING FEAR IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE (Phân tích đối chiếu các thành ngữ chỉ nỗi sợ hãi trong Tiếng Anh và Tiếng Việt) M.A Minor Programme Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 602215 Supervisor: Trần Bá Tiến, M.A Hanoi, 2010 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Declaration i Aknowledgements ii Abstract iii Table of contents iv PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 1. Rationale for choosing the topic 1 2. Aims of the study 1 3. Scope of the study 2 4.
Methods of the study 2 5. Format of the study 3 PART B: DEVELOPMENT 4 Chapter 1: Theoretical Background 4 1. Definitions of Idioms 4 1. Distinctive features of English idioms 5 1.
Syntactic features of English idioms 5 1. Semantic features of English idioms 10 1. Cultural features of English idioms 12 1. Distinction between idioms, proverbs and some other terms: 14 sayings, phrasal verbs, colloquialisms 1.
Concepts of Human Feelings 17 1. Classifications of Human Feelings 17 1. Emotion Fear 19 Chapter 2: Syntactic features of English idioms denoting idioms fear in 20 comparison with Vietnamese counterparts 20 2. Structural features of English idioms denoting emotion Fear 20 2.
English idioms denoting fear have clause patterns 20 TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail. English idioms denoting fear have phrase patterns 25 2. English idioms denoting fear have fixed patterns 27 2. English idioms denoting fear have odd patterns 27 2.
An English-Vietnamese comparison of syntactic features of idioms denoting 27 fear 2. Vietnamese idioms with clause patterns 27 2. Vietnamese idioms with phrase patterns 28 2. Differences 30 Chapter 3: Semantic features of English idioms denoting fear in comparison 33 with Vietnamese counterparts 3.
Metaphor and metonymy in cognitive linguistics 33 3. Metaphor and metonymy in English idioms denoting fear 34 3. An English-Vietnamese comparison of semantic features of idioms denoting 35 fear 3. Differences 38 PART C: CONCLUSION 42 1.
Suggestion for further research 42 REFERENCES 43 APPENDICES I TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 1 PART A: INTRODUCTION 1. Rationale Even having been living in England for a long time, a non-native speaker who has a great command of English could be easily realized that his English is not mother-tongue language when he is in conversation with an English speaker. Explanation for this could be his way of using language. Anyone who has already been put in a real communication of the language finds it easy to recognize that native-speakers‟ conversations are far more interesting and varied than that with non-native speakers.
The answer to this is that in their talk native speakers apply several idioms because of their convenience. First, these idioms not only have brief and extraordinary forms, containing key words but they also hold profound meanings. They manifest much what the speakers want to say and do not want to say in words. The means that can express speakers‟ viewpoints, feelings, attitudes and even personality and culture is their ways of idioms usage.
Take this example to consider “pull someone‘s leg‖. The phrase pull my leg would cause a lot of difficulties for non-native speakers because it has nothing to do with the description of the action of pulling someone‟s leg but just means “to play a joke on somebody, usually by making them believe something that is not true” (Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary, 7th edition) or simply “to fool somebody”. Therefore, knowing how to use a language is a completely different category from mastering a language. Mastery of a language not only needs speakers‟ acquisition of several aspects of language such as semantics, syntax, phonetics and phonology, pragmatics but also their flexibility in language usage.
Idioms usage is the clearest evidence for their ability of varied language usage. Moreover, idioms are the combination of culture, language usage and creative competence, personality and mark of time. They are everlasting and passed from generation to generation because of their own distinctive features. The combination of all the facts mentioned above is the reason for the thesis.
In the thesis the author has made an attempt to investigate into English idioms from different aspects. Then there will be a comparison between English idioms and Vietnamese idioms denoting fear. Aims of the study The study is carried out for the following aims. TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 2 First of all, it demonstrates some general knowledge about idioms in terms of syntactic, semantic and cultural features and their differentiation from other similar terms.
Secondly, it represents syntax and semantics of English idioms denoting fear. Thirdly, the study provides a comparison of English and Vietnamese idioms, then clarifies syntax and semantics of Vietnamese idioms denoting fear. Scope of the study English idioms have a great number of idioms denoting human feelings. A few of basic emotions have been researched by some Vietnamese researchers such as “A Study on Structural and Semantic Features of English Idioms of Anger in Comparison with Vietnamese Equivalents” by Doan Ngoc Diep, “An Investigation into The English Words and Idioms Denoting Happiness” by Nguyen Thi Van Lam.
One human emotion that appears daily, therefore has several idioms, but has not been received much study is fear. Hence, in the study the author concentrates on English idioms denoting fear and put it them in comparison with Vietnamese idioms. Methods of the study The approaches and procedures employed to achieve the research goals are as follows: - To establish a theretical framework for the study, both domestic and foreign publications are critically reviewed and referred to. - The quantitative method is dominantly used for the data statisctics.
In addition, the contrastive analysis approach is employed to compare the two language and cultures. - Procedures: The study takes the following steps Data sources: The sources which are used to collect data consist of books, websites and other materials. As for books, books which are concerned with idioms are collected and studied to gather necessary knowledge. Main materials are Oxford Idioms (2010), Từ Điển Thành Ngữ Anh- Anh-Việt (2004), Thành Ngữ Tiếng Việt (2009), Từ Điển Thành Ngữ và Tục Ngữ Việt Nam (2008), Từ Điển Thành Ngữ và Tục Ngữ Việt Nam (2006).
TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 3 As for websites, they are the tool that is made use of. The websites are a huge source of idioms. Three basic websites are En.com and Books. As for other materials, namely the previous theses in linguistics which are involved in the content of the study are also collected to grab related information.
Data analysis procedures: Idioms that are related to fear are collected from the dictionaries and books mentioned above. Then the examples are taken from websites and books for illustration. The last step is to investigate and analyze according to the requirements of the study. Format of the study The study consists of three parts which are Introduction, Development and Conclusion.
Introduction: a brief account of relevant information for carrying out the study is represented. They are the rationale for choosing the topic, the aims, the scope, the methodology and the format of the study. Development: This crucial part concludes four chapters. Chapter I is Theoretical Background, which introduces initially necessary theories on the topic from the different aspects involved in idioms and human feelings.
Chapter II provides a deep insight into syntactic features of English idioms of fear and the comparison between the two languages, English and Vietnamese. Chapter III has the similar steps as the second chapter. It is concerned with semantic features of English idioms describing fear and its comparison with Vietnamese ones. Conclusion: which includes Recapitulation, Concluding Remarks, and Suggestions for further researches.
The study ends at Reference and Recapitulation. PART B: DEVELOPMENT TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 4 Chapter 1: Theoretical background 1. Definitions of Idioms Idioms are a broad and crucial field of any languages. Usage of idioms is integral in human interaction.
Be aware of this, recently, much work on idioms has been carried out. Hence, a great number of definitions of idioms is understandable. Every linguist who specializes in different branches will have different way to understand and describe idioms. Jackson & Amvela and Palmer share the similar viewpoint on idiom definition.
According to Jackson & Amvela (2000, p.66), “an idiom may be defined as a phrase the meaning of which cannot be predicted from the individual meanings of the morphemes it comprises”. Palmer (1990) states that an idiom is an expression whose meaning cannot be inferred from the meanings of its parts. It can be seen that there are two visible points in their statements. First, an idiom is a phrase; second, its meaning is not simply the meanings of constituents making up the phrase.
Having the same point of view is Seidle and Mordie (1978, p.8) who consider “an idiom is a number of words which, taken together, mean something different from the individual words of the idiom when they stand alone‖. Collins has a different way to define idioms but shares the similar idea. To take the definition by Collins (1995) to consider, an idiom is a special kind of phrase. It is a group of words which have a different meaning when used together from the one it would have if the meaning of each word were taken individually […] idioms are typical metaphorical: they are effectively metaphors which have become „fixed‟ or „fossilized‟.
In his definition, there are two noticeable terms, “typical metaphorical” and “fossilized” used to describe idioms. „Metaphorical‟ could be referred to figurative and non-literal characteristics of idioms. In the meanwhile, „fossilized‟ implies unchangeable property of idioms. It can be seen from the definitions mentioned above, the linguists have defined idioms just in terms of their semantics and syntax.
In fact, idioms are man‟s creation and originated from human communication, thus usage of idioms is integral in human interaction. Idioms have a deep interrelation with the human beings‟ thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and attitude, which means the speaker‟s culture. Therefore, it would be a shortcoming in the attempt to define idioms without regarding their cultural aspect. As for her viewpoint on idioms, Fernando (1997, pp.1-30) describes idioms as “conventionalized multiword expressions […] individual units whose TIEU LUAN MOI download : skknchat@gmail.com 5 components cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits […].
Nor are the words of an idiom usually recombinable”. At the same time, in her book, she lists three features which are commonly brought up with idioms to make it clearer, they are compositeness, institutionalization and semantic opacity. Compositeness means that idioms are multiword expressions, consisting of more than one word. According to Fernando, the shortest length is a two-word compound structure and the maximum limit is a complex clause with no more than two subordinate clauses.
In terms of institutionalization, idioms are the product of socially interaction expressions which have conventionalized, therefore, idioms are conventionalized expressions. Semantic opacity could be understood as figurativeness and non-literalness of idioms. In accordance with Fernando, an idiom is made up from at least two words and its meaning is not inferred from the meaning of each constituent or of both. Distinctive features of English idioms Analysis of the idioms in terms of definition simultaneously demonstrates some features of idioms.
Idioms should be treated as a special kind of every language. They separate themselves from regular rules compared with other sorts of a language. In other words, only in idioms the unacceptability in both meaning and form of a language could exist.