MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND BANKING STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING GRADUATION THESIS THE IMPACT OF CREDIT RISK ON THE PROFITABILITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM MAJOR: FINANCE - BANKING CODE: 7 34 02 01 NGUYỄN THÚY HUYỀN HO CHI MINH CITY, 2024 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND BANKING STATE BANK OF VIETNAM HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING GRADUATION THESIS THE IMPACT OF CREDIT RISK ON THE PROFITABILITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM MAJOR: FINANCE - BANKING CODE: 7 34 02 01 Student: NGUYỄN THÚY HUYỀN Student ID: 050608200373 Class: HQ8– E17 SUPERVISOR Ph. NGUYỄN MINH NHẬT HO CHI MINH CITY, 2024 ABSTRACT Banks' profitability is a significant issue and top priority for Vietnamese commercial banks (TMCP) because it represents their size and development potential. As a result, this thesis study and measure the factors influencing the profitability of Vietnamese commercial banks between 2013 and 2023 using a regression model based on data from 20 Vietnamese commercial banks and the ROA (Return on Assets) indicator. Based on theoretical foundations and earlier studies by local and international authors, this thesis outlines the elements that influence the profitability of commercial banks, including internal factors such as: LLP (Loan Loss Provision), LEV (Leverage), LTD (Loan to Total Deposit), NPL (Non-Performing Loans to Total Assets), Size (Log of Bank Assets) and external factors GDP (GDP Growth).
These factors were calculated and analyzed with the support of the STATA 17 software. The results of the regression analysis using the General Least Square (GLS) approach reveal that non-performing loans hurt commercial banks' profitability. In contrast, loan loss provision, leverage, loan to total deposit, and total bank assets all have a positive impact on profitability. However, GDP growth ratio has no statistical relevance.
Based on the research findings, the thesis makes several recommendations to improve the profitability of commercial banks in Vietnam, including diversifying banking activities, increasing equity capital, expanding operational scale to maintain stability, efficiently managing and settling bad debts, and using flexible economic methods to keep provisioning at a moderate level. i DECLARATION OF AUTHENCITY I reaffirm the thesis “THE IMPACT OF CREDIT RISK ON THE PROFITABILITY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIETNAM" is my article and there are no copies from other authors' material. This thesis is the author’s research work, the research results are honest, in which there are no previously published contents or the content made by others except for citations fully cited in the thesis. I will take full responsibility for my pledge.
Author Nguyễn Thúy Huyền ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my thankfulness for Ph. Nguyen Minh Nhat. An for his patience, understanding and support in providing me valuable recommendations in the progress of my study. Secondly, I would like to thank my family for their support throughout my four years in university, I express my special love and gratitude to them.
Lastly, thanks to my classmates for their support throughout the bachelor program, valuable discussions throughout the whole process. Author Nguyễn Thúy Huyền iii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH TOPIC. Reasons for choosing the topic.
Research Subject and Range. The concept of Credit Risk. Credit Risk Measurement Indicators. Concept of the Commercial Bank’s Profitability.
The impact of Credit Risk on the Profitability of CBs in Vietnam. Empirical Reseach Overview. RESEARCH MODEL AND METHODOLOGY. Regression methods and testing.
Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (Pooled OLS). Fixed Effects Model (FEM). Random Effects Model (REM). Generalized Least Squares (GLS).
Implementation Method of Research Model. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RESEARCH MODEL AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS. Research Results of the Model. Descriptive statistics of the data.
Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (Pooled OLS) Regression. F-test to Choose Between the Pooled OLS Model and the Fixed Effects Model (FEM). Hausman Test to Choose Between the FEM and the REM. Estimated Model Results.
Mitigating Deficiencies with GLS Model. Stability and Effectiveness of the Model. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS. Proposed Directions for Further Research .51 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2.
Summary of previous studies. The state of each national’s finance situation and shortcoming in these previous studies. Variables used in the research model. Descriptive statistics of the data.
Table of correlation coefficients. Pooled OLS Regression. The F-test result. The Hausman – test result.
Estimation Results using Pooled OLS, FEM, and REM Methods. The LM-Breusch and Pagan Multiplier test. The Wooldridge test. The Collinearity Diagnostic test.
Test Results for the REM Model. Regression Results using GLS. Summary of the Intercept Coefficients of the Regression Models. Summary of the Standard Deviations of the Regression Models.
Compare the research hypothesis with the regression results .44 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3. Research Implementation Process. Asset Growth Rate of the 20 Vietnamese Commercial Banks Over the Years. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and GDP Growth Rate of Vietnam over the sampling years .34 viii ABBREVIATION LIST Abbreviation Meaning VCB Vietnamese Commercial Bank CB Commercial Bank CR Credit Risk SVB The State Bank of Vietnam CRRR Credit Risk Reserve Ratio ix CHAPTER 1.
INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH TOPIC 1. Reasons for choosing the topic 1. Problem Statement Through the financial services they provide, banks are closely linked to economic growth. The intermediary role of banks is being considered as an engine of economic growth.
The stability of the banking sector is thus considered to be a prerequisite for macroeconomic stability and growth. Profitability and capital adequacy are crucial for the stability of the banking sector. Due to their dynamic structure and the complex nature of the economy in which they are active, banks face a number of risks. According to Koch and MacDonald (2000) , the risks faced by banks can be classified into 6 categories which are Credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, operating risk, nominal risk and legal risks.
The profitability, market value, liabilities and equity of financial institutions may be negatively affected by each of these risks. Loans granted by commercial banks are the main source of income for the banking sector. Consequently, credit risk is one of the biggest risks that banks have to face. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (2011) defines credit risk as the probability of a partial or total loss in respect of an outstanding loan due to late payments.
The minimal cost of debt and equity is increased by the increase in credit risks. Correspondingly, the cost of bank’s funding increases. The tendency of banks to experience financial crises is increasing as their exposure to credit risks increases. After the Global Financial Crisis occurs in 2008, despite the relatively limited exposure of the Vietnamese financial and banking field due to its early stage of integration into the global financial system, the direct effect of the financial crisis led to a reduction in profits for many banks, and even resulted in losses for some smaller- scale banks.
Consequently, the number of non-performing loans rose, which had an impact on the profitability of the Vietnamese commercial banking sector in the following years. 1 Credit risk in the banking industry is a significantly interest area for researchers and policymakers. In Vietnam, following a period of quick credit growth with numerous revealed risks, since 2012, the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV) has begun to tightly control the issue of credit growth in the banking industry and sees it as an important tool in monetary policy management. Since then, the SBV has used the financial standing and operational actions of individual commercial banks as the foundation for setting yearly goals for credit expansion.
Commercial banks have recently raised the percentage of non-interest income and broadened the composition of their revenue streams. Nonetheless, ending remains to be the primary commercial activity for banks due to the intermediary nature of financial transactions in banking operations, with credit risk playing a crucial role in the health and functioning of banks. Effectively controlling credit risk at the national level will greatly support economic growth, while at the bank level, it will enable them to achieve substantial profits from their core business activities. The objective of this study is to empirically investigate the impact of credit risk (CR) on the profitability of VCBs during the period from 2013 onwards, a time characterized by pronounced divergence in profitability among large-scale and smaller-scale banks.
This period witnessed modest financial performance of commercial banks, amidst challenging economic conditions, posing significant industry-wide challenges with various fluctuations (in terms of financial structure, business efficiency, and profitability). The study seeks to examine how credit risk, as represented by various indicators such as non-performing loans and credit quality, influences the profitability of these banks. Understanding this relationship is paramount as it provides insights into the dynamics affecting bank profitability amid adverse economic conditions and fluctuating market conditions. By unraveling the nexus between credit risk and profitability, policymakers and industry stakeholders can devise informed strategies 2 to enhance the financial performance and resilience of VCBs in the face of evolving market challenges.
Rational Vietnam's economy is experiencing rapid development and deep integration into the global economy. With the current trend of economic integration in Vietnam, the banking system plays a crucial role in channeling capital from surplus areas to areas with capital shortages. Additionally, banks provide essential financial services to individuals, organizations, and the government. However, Vietnamese Commercial Banks (VCB) are increasingly facing challenges stemming from credit risk associated with lending to customers.
Therefore, the effectiveness of business operations becomes a particularly important criterion, with profitability being the most crucial goal, determining the survival and development of banks. In recent years, non-performing loans (NPLs) have not only been a "disease" of the Vietnamese banking system but have also become a concerning issue for the global banking and financial system, especially after the global financial crisis of 2008 originating from the United States, spreading to neighboring countries and worldwide. The term "non-performing loans" has become a topic addressed in many studies in developed and emerging countries, including Vietnam. Non-performing loans are understood as debts that exceed the repayment deadline by a certain number of days, and borrowers are unable to fulfill their repayment obligations to the lending bank.
This is a credit risk commonly encountered by Commercial Banks. NPLs violate the fundamental characteristics of credit, namely timeliness and full repayment. Furthermore, they erode the trust of creditors in borrowers receiving credit. The emergence of NPLs leading to credit risk is unavoidable, especially in the banking sector.
This is a challenge that all VCBs must face; if the NPL ratio is too high, bank operations will be paralyzed because banks lack capital to repay depositors when due. At a severe level, this can lead to 3 bank bankruptcies. Therefore, credit risk management, prevention, limitation, and handling of NPLs are crucial tasks for Commercial Banks. In the majority of previous empirical studies on the factors through which credit risk affects profitability, macroeconomic or bank-specific factors were considered separately.
There have been a few studies that combined both groups of factors in an independent study. Moreover, most empirical literature analyzing credit risk factors has focused on developed countries and some typical developing countries, while only a few studies have concentrated on a rapidly growing emerging market with a relatively small scale economy like Vietnam. The relatively limited research and references on the impact of credit risk on the profitability of Commercial Banks in Vietnam have been one of the driving factors behind conducting this study. The selection of Commercial Banks as the research subject is based on the following variables.
Firstly, through the Return on Assets (ROA) ratio, which is commonly used to measure the profitability of an investment relative to the average total assets of the bank.