MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRANING HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING GRADUATION THESIS IMPACT OF BASEL II MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS ON OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF VIETNAM COMMERCIAL BANKS Major: Banking - Finance Code: 7340201 HO DANG NHU Y Ho Chi Minh City, June 2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRANING HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF BANKING GRADUATION THESIS IMPACT OF BASEL II MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS ON OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF VIETNAM COMMERCIAL BANKS Major: Banking - Finance Code: 7340201 Student name: HO DANG NHU Y Student code: 050607190678 Class: HQ7-GE14 ACADEMIC ADVISOR: DUONG THI THUY AN, PHD. Ho Chi Minh City, June 2023 ii ABSTRACT The thesis analyzes the impact of the minimum capital requirement under Basel- II on the operational efficiency of commercial banks in Vietnam in the period 2008 - 2022, secondary data is accessed from annual reports, financial statements of banks, statistical data of the World Bank and the General Statistics Office. In which, the variables measuring the operational efficiency of commercial banks are return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The variable that represents the minimum capital requirement under Basel-II is the capital adequacy ratio (CAR).
The variables showing macro factors are: annual economic growth rate (GDP) and inflation rate (INF); micro variables representing bank internal factors are: bank size (SIZE), operating expenses (CIR), equity to total assets (CAP), total loan ratio on total deposits (LOANDEP) and non – performing loan (NPL). Regression analysis using the Generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation method as suggested by Arellano and Bover (1995) shows that variables such as bank size, ratio of equity to total assets, gross domestic product and inflation rate have a positive impact on bank operational efficiency. Meanwhile, variables of non – performing loan ratio, operating expenses and minimum capital requirements have a negative impact on the operational efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks. Based on the research results, the study provides policy implications for commercial banks to increase operational efficiency at Vietnamese commercial banks.
iii DECLARATION This thesis with the topic “Impact of Basel II minimum capital requirements on operational efficiency.” This thesis is the author's own research work, the research results are honest, in which there are no previously published contents or contents made by others except for the cited quotations fulling source in the thesis. The author will be responsible for may declaration. Ho Chi Minh City, June 2023 Author Ho Dang Nhu Y iv ACKNOWLEDGE During the process of doing this thesis, I received a lot of attention and help from teachers and friends. With great respect and gratitude, first of all, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the person who directly guided and supported me during the course of the thesis, PHD.
Duong Thi Thuy An. Her knowledge and experience helped me to complete my thesis. Thank you very much for helping me finish this thesis! I would like to thank the Administrators of Ho Chi Minh of Banking University City and all the teachers at the school for creating conditions, teaching and imparting knowledge and experience to me from the most basic subjects to help me have knowledge and background about my major in Finance - Banking. Thank you sincerely! I would like to thank my family and friends who have always supported and encouraged me throughout the process of writing this thesis! However, my knowledge is still limited, so the thesis cannot avoid shortcomings.
I look forward to receiving more suggestions and guidance from teachers to be able to complete the thesis more complete. Thank you sincerely! Ho Chi Minh City, June 2023 Author Ho Dang Nhu Y v TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT. iv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. viii LIST OF TABLES.
ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.4 RESEARCH SUBJECT AND SCOPE.2 Data collecting and progressing .6 CONTRIBUTION OF THE THESIS. 9 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW. THEORECIAL LITERATURE REVIEW. The concept operation efficiency of commercial bank.
Indicators to evaluate the operation efficiency of commercial bank. Factors affecting the operation efficiency of commercial bank. OVERVIEW OF MINIMUM CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER BASEL II 17 2. Perspectives on capital adequacy ratio.
Regulations on minimum capital requirements. EMPIRICAL LITERATURE REVIEW. Relevant empirical research. 31 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.
Overview of research models. SAMPLE AND RESEARCH DATA. 48 vii CHAPTER 4: EMPIRICAL RESULT .1 DESCRIPTIVE AND CORRELATION.3 DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH RESULTS. 68 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS.3 LIMITATION AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH.
78 APPENDIX 1: BANKS IN RESEARCH SAMPLE. 87 APPENDIX 2: REGRESSION RESULTS. 88 viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Meaning CAP The Ratio Of Equity To Total Assets CAR Capital Adequacy Ratio CIR The operating cost to operating income ratio CPI Consumer Price Index FEM Fixed Effects Model GDP Gross Domestic Product GMM Generalized Method Of Moments INF Inflation LOANDEP The Ratio Loan-To-Deposit NIM Net Interest Margin NPL Non-Performing Loan Pool - OLS Ordinary Least Squares REM Random Effects Model ROA Return On Asset ROE Return On Equity SIZE Bank size VIF Variance Inflation Factor ix LIST OF TABLES & PICTURE LIST OF TABLES Table 2. Summary of related previous studies.
Statistics of significance and expected signs of variables in the model. Correlation matrix of – ROA. Correlation matrix of – ROE. Pooled OLS and REM regression analysis results.
F-Test to choose between 2 models Pooled OLS and FEM. FEM and REM regression analysis results. Hausman test to choose between 2 models FEM and REM. Heteroskedasticity test of REM.
Worldridge test of REM. Estimated results from GMM regression. Experimental test results by estimating GMM method with ROA. Experimental test results by estimating GMM method with ROE.
61 LIST OF PICTURES Picture 3. 42 2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 presents the introduction of the research. It includes research background, research objective, research question, research object and scope, research methodology, contribution of the thesis and finally the research structure.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND The financial system is largely dominated by banks, which always play a vital role in the economies of countries around the world, Nguyen Cong Tam & Nguyen Minh Ha (2012). According to statistics of the State Bank by the end of 2021, the total value of assets of the whole system is 15.9 million billion, up to 13.85% compared to the figures in 2020.
In addition, by the end of 2020, the equity capital of the group of banks applying Circular No. 41/2016/TT-NHH reached 1.1 million billion VND, an increase of 36. In parallel with the profit growth and increase in competitive advantage in order to ensure financial stability and development, the capital adequacy framework of financial institutions is an integral part of the bank's operational efficiency. After the 2008 global financial crisis, the Basel committee introduced the Basel III Accord in December 2010 to emphasize regulations related to increasing bank capital in response to credit risks and to tighten the definition of capital.
The new requirements for capital and buffer zones require banks when doing business to have more capital and higher quality of capital compared to Basel II. While many countries in the region have applied Basel III or a part of Basel III, Vietnamese commercial banks are only in the implementation phase of Basel II. In Vietnam, the application of the treaty under Basel II is in the supervision and inspection of the bank's business activities still faces many obstacles and difficulties because the criteria for applying Basel II are complicated and global capital standards are only partially applied in some of banks rather than for the whole system. Therefore, the State Bank has issued 3 Circular 41/2016/TT-NHNN dated December 31, 2016 on regulations on capital adequacy ratio for banks and foreign bank branches.
This requirement is expected to raise the capital ratio of commercial banks and thus improve their financial results. This is completely reasonable, which is considered an effective tool for banks to reduce risks, increase operational efficiency as well as profits of commercial banks (Chortareasa, 2012; Mehran, 2011; Mbizi, 2012). The studies of Mbizi (2012) in Zimbabwe or Gale (2010), Kermer (2005) also found evidence that there is a strong relationship between the minimum capital level and the bank's operational efficiency. The Basel Accord proposes that capital standards become increasingly stricter.
Currently, when regulatory authorities have strict requirements for maintaining capital beyond their optimal level, banks are tending to passively fund equity without considering the role of his capital buffer. This partly correctly reflects for a developing country like Vietnam, which is complying with regulations in copying and unintended manner (Dang Van Dan, 2019). Therefore, there have been many concerns about the effectiveness of the new guidelines to ensure the safety and soundness of banks (Khan et al. High capital ratios tend to be costly, which translates to reduced profitability but at the same time it can also reduce bank risk, as many arguments suggest (Meriläinen, 2016).
In summary, the question surrounding the above issues is: “What is the appropriate standard to enforce regulations without jeopardizing the ability of banks to operate and develop the economy?”. To properly address this question, it is necessary to thoroughly analyze the effectiveness of capital regulations and the application of Basel II standards on minimum capital requirements affecting the operational efficiency of commercial banks in Vietnam. Therefore, the author has chosen the topic "Impact of Basel II minimum capital requirements on operational efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks".1 General objective Examining impact of Basel II minimum capital requirements on operational efficiency of Vietnam Commercial Banks, thereby proposing policy implications related to the minimum capital requirement under Basel II on the operation of commercial banks in the near future.2 Specific objectives Based on the general objectives, the author defines the specific objectives as follows: Firstly, study impact of Basel II minimum capital requirements on operational efficiency of Vietnam Commercial Banks. Second, measure impact of Basel II minimum capital requirements on operational efficiency of Vietnam Commercial Banks.
Third, propose policy implications related to minimum capital requirements under Basel II in order to improve the operational efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks.3 RESEARCH QUESTION This dissertation is aimed to focus around inquiry and analysis to answer the following questions: The first question: What factors affect the operation efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks when banks are required to comply with the minimum capital requirement under the Basel II Accord? 5 The second question: How does the capital adequacy ratio affect the operation efficiency of commercial banks when banks are forced to comply with the minimum capital requirement under the Basel II Agreement? Third question: What are the policy implications related to the minimum capital requirement under Basel II to improve the operation efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks in the future? 1.4 RESEARCH SUBJECT AND SCOPE 1.1 Research subject Research on the impact of minimum capital under Basel II on the operational efficiency of Vietnam Commercial Banks.2 Research scope In terms of space: The study uses secondary data of 24 Vietnamese joint stock commercial banks, with the criterion that the selected banks operate continuously throughout the research period, with the necessary data being published fully and clearly declared in the financial statements and annual reports of each bank. In term of time: The author executes the research in the period 2008 – 2022 because of several reasons: The 2008 economic crisis had an impact on the banking sector in Vietnam. This crisis has contributed to accelerating the transition of Vietnamese banks to the application of the Basel II agreement. This helps to ensure safety and transparency in the operations of credit institutions, as well as to improve the competitiveness of Vietnam's banking industry in the future.
Banks around the world have applied Basel II standards 16 years ago, and are currently completing Basel III standards. Meanwhile, in Vietnam, after implementing Circular No. 22/2019/TT-NHNN stipulating safety limits and 6 ratios in operations of banks and foreign bank branches.