VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS & LITERATURE EFFECTS OF COMMUNICATION-BASED TRANSLATION ACTIVITIES ON EFL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY ACHIEVEMENT A thesis submitted to the Faculty of English Linguistics & Literature in partial fulfillment of the Master’s degree in TESOL By PHAM NGOC TRUONG LINH Supervised by NGUYEN THI NHU NGOC, Ph. HO CHI MINH CITY, JULY 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am the one who loves exploring, discovering and trying new things; doing research is what I consider an interesting activity in my whole-life professional career. I am deeply indebted to the professors at the Faculty of English Linguistics and Literature, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, who helped me construct the very first jigsaw pieces together for a wonderful picture afterwards. With the precious background theories, skills as well as experience they have provided, I am now more confident to find many acceptable solutions related to my teaching contexts or be able to approach new domains in the areas.
They all together made me so new and ready for the upcoming challenging stage of my life – doing research and working daily things with scientific and professional senses. However, this thesis would have remained a dream had it not been for the help of many others. I wish to thank, first and foremost, my supervisor Dr. Nguyen Thi Nhu Ngoc, who guided me to an appropriate decision on the research subject and approach.
Thanks to her constructive suggestion, thorough correction and incisive criticism, this paper has been continuously revised before the completion. I also own a debt of gratitude to my two beloved sisters and colleagues, Ms. Pham Ngoc Han and Ms. Le Thi Kim Chi, who supported me a lot in the experimental project with the test feedbacks, observation and assessment.
Another special gratitude goes out to the head as well as the staff of Marie Curie High School for their full assistance and encouragement for me to conduct the study at the facility. And finally, last but not least, to my family and all my friends who were always keen to know what I was doing and how I was proceeding, although it is likely that they have never grasped what it was all about! Their continuous hopes, wishes and supports have been playing as a spiritual power for me to pursue my passion and recover whenever my steps falter. ii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY The work contained in this thesis has not been previously submitted for a degree or diploma at any other higher education institution. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due references are made.
HO CHI MINH CITY, JULY 10, 2018 PHAM NGOC TRUONG LINH iii RETENTION OF USE I hereby state that I, Pham Ngoc Truong Linh, being a candidate for the Master’s degree in TESOL, accept the requirements of the University relating to the retention and use of Master’s thesis deposited in the University Library. In term of these conditions, I agree that the original of my thesis deposited should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the normal conditions established by the Library for care, loan, or reproduction of theses. HO CHI MINH CITY, JULY 10, 2018 PHAM NGOC TRUONG LINH iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Tittle page .ii Statement of originality. iii Retention of use.
iv Table of contents .v List of abbreviations. viii List of tables. ix List of figures. xi CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1.
Background to the study. Aims of the study. Significance of the study. Scope of the study.
Organization of the study .7 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Vocabulary in second language acquisition. The role of vocabulary. Aspects of vocabulary knowing.
Vocabulary teaching and learning. Translation in second language acquisition. The role of translation. Translation in relation to contrastive analysis.
Translation in communicative approach. Construction of a CTA for teaching and learning vocabulary. Experimental project of CTAs application. Design of the experimental project.
Data analysis procedure .37 CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4. Some model CTAs for teaching and learning vocabulary at high school .38 CTA 1 - Vocabulary brainstorming .39 CTA 2 - Vocabulary recognition .40 CTA 3 - Vocabulary guessing .41 CTA 4 - Controlled sentence translation. 43 CTA 5 - Free sentence translation .44 CTA 6 - Role play. 45 CTA 7 - Translation with pictures .48 CTA 8 - Translator-to-be.
50 vi CTA 9 - Speedy translation .52 CTA 10 - Writing-Translation. Effects of CTAs on the students’ vocabulary achievement. Before the treatment. After the treatment.
Correlation between recognition and production. Experimental students’ attitudes towards CTAs .72 CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 5.80 APPENDIX 1 – The relationship between vocabulary and the matrix of questions in the English Test of National Examination 2016. 87 APPENDIX 2 – Glossary – English 10 – Semester 1. 88 APPENDIX 3 – English 10 contents (Student book extracts).
91 APPENDIX 4 – Extra vocabulary exercise practice. 109 APPENDIX 5 – Some suggested ideas of CTAs for teaching and learning vocabulary in the English 10 student textbook. 112 APPENDIX 6 – Vocabulary Test 1 – English 10. 127 APPENDIX 7 – Vocabulary Test 2 – English 10.
129 APPENDIX 8 – Speaking Tests – Questions. 131 APPENDIX 9 – Speaking Assessment. 135 APPENDIX 12 – Answer key to extra exercise practice. 137 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CALL Computer-Assisted Language Learning CG Control Group CLT Communicative Language Teaching CTA Communication-based Translation Activity EFL English as a Foreign Language EG Experimental Group GTM Grammar Translation Method L1 Native language/ mother tongue / source language L2 Target language Ss Students T Teacher SPSS Statistics df Degrees of The number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that freedom are free to vary.
‘df’ is calculated by the number of observations minus the number of necessary relations among these observations. M Mean score N Number The number of participants in a group p Sig.(2-tailed) Significant value between two independent samples.05: there is significant difference between the means.05: the difference between the means is not significant. r Pearson r can take a range of values from +1 to -1. correlation r = 0: indicates no association between the two variables.
coefficient r > 0: indicates a positive association; that is, as the value of one variable increases, so does the value of the other variable. r < 0: indicates a negative association; that is, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases. SD Standard The average distance from the mean of the data set to a point. Deviation The greater the SD, the greater the variances of the samples.
The smaller the SD, the greater the homogeneity. t t-value The size of the difference relative to the variation in the sample data. The greater the magnitude of t (it can be either positive or negative), the greater the evidence against the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference. The closer t is to 0, the more likely there isn't a significant difference.
viii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1: What is involved in knowing a word? (Nation, 2001, p. 10 Table 2: Receptive knowledge and use of the word ‘discontented’. 11 Table 3: Productive knowledge and use of the word ‘discontented’. 12 Table 4: Summary of participants’ English scores in the placement test.
27 Table 5: Summary of participants’ characteristics. 28 Table 6: Recognition Test - descriptions and examples .31 Table 7: The matrix of items in Recognition Test. 32 Table 8: Writing Test - descriptions and examples. 32 Table 9: The matrix of items in Writing Test.
33 Table 10: Components of Attitudes (Schau, 2003). 34 Table 11: Levels of agreement indicated by mean score rating .36 Table 12: Example of role play activity .46 Table 13: Elements and Potential vocabulary enhancement involved in the CTAs .55 Table 14: Summary of pre-test results .57 Table 15: Summary of control group’s results. 58 Table 16: Summary of experimental group’s results .58 Table 17: Summary of post-test results .59 Table 18: Correlations of test scores in the control group .62 Table 19: Correlations of test scores in the experimental group. 62 Table 20: Attitudes towards difficulty level of CTAs .66 Table 21: Attitudes towards cognitive competence.
66 Table 22: Attitudes towards how CTAs affect feelings .67 Table 23: Attitudes towards personal interests. 67 Table 24: Attitudes towards the values of CTAs. 68 Table 25: Attitudes towards personal efforts. 69 Table 26: Correlations between students’ attitudes and their background .70 Table 27: Summary of the study results .73 ix LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: The English scores of Marie Curie high school students in the National Examination 2016.
2 Figure 2: Summary of elements and sub-elements that constitute a method .25 Figure 3: Conceptual framework of a CTA for vocabulary teaching and learning .26 Figure 4: Design of the experimental project. 27 Figure 5: Example of rewards designed with computer .49 Figure 6: Example of interactive characters designed with computer. 50 x ABSTRACT In most EFL contexts of Vietnam’s high schools, vocabulary learning is accompanied with long lists of first language (L1) equivalents in the grammar- translation method (GTM), which is criticized for abusing translation, focusing much on form and structure, lacking space for communicative performance; whereas the communicative language teaching (CLT) is preferred in modern language teaching trends because it motivates learners’ discovery, participation and communication. How likely is it to integrate translation with the CLT in communication-based translation activities (CTAs)? This study suggests some models of CTAs for teaching and learning EFL vocabulary at high school in Vietnam then tests their effects in an experimental project with 73 tenth-graders in two groups (with and without CTAs application), pre- post tests and a survey.
After 8 weeks of treatment, the results highlighted CTAs in enhancing students’ vocabulary achievement both in recognition and its assistance in subsequent productive skills while the GTM only improved students’ receptive vocabulary knowledge. Additionally, the survey indicated the experimental students’ positive attitudes, which were statistically influenced by their L1 and translation habits except for their gender. The study is supposed to provide practical implications for improving EFL students’ vocabulary and communicative performance at high school in Vietnam and those with similar contexts. xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter explains the general outline of the study.
The rationale is first presented with an analysis of the current EFL vocabulary teaching and learning contexts in Vietnam. The aims of the study are then clearly set out with research questions; and finally, the conduction of the study is described in limited domains with expected findings and implications. Background to the study Although vocabulary competence plays a very important role in the second language acquisition, most EFL classrooms in Vietnam have not provided adequate concern for teaching and learning vocabulary. To save time, many teachers mainly focus on grammar instruction and skill practice; and vocabulary instruction is often done by providing new words and their Vietnamese equivalents.
Students have to look up the required words by themselves prior the lessons or are given glossaries to learn by heart. However, remembering such long lists of words and their meanings is not easy for many students, especially high school students who are almost not English majors and often lack learning motivation. This not only leads to a serious shortage of input to master the target language but also causes the students some confusion, boredom and discouragement in their real communication.