STATE BANK OF VIETNAM THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY NGUYEN VIET PHUONG LINH THE IMPACT OF LEVERAGE ON FIRM INVESTMENT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM GRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 72340201 HO CHI MINH CITY, 2020 STATE BANK OF VIETNAM THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY NGUYEN VIET PHUONG LINH THE IMPACT OF LEVERAGE ON FIRM INVESTMENT: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM VIETNAM GRADUATION THESIS MAJOR: FINANCE – BANKING CODE: 72340201 ADVISOR by M.Sc TRAN MINH TAM HO CHI MINH CITY, 2020 i ABSTRACT This essay examines the impact of leverage on firm investment by using the information of corporate listed on Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchanges in Vietnam. The author proposes 4 hypotheses to estimate the relationship between leverage and investment. First, there is a negative impact of leverage on firm investment. Second, the negative relationship between leverage and firm investment is weaker in firm with higher growth opportunities than low growth opportunities.
Third, the negative impact of leverage on firm investment is weaker in firm with poor performing firm. The last one is the negative impact of leverage will be weakened in highly state-ownership corporate. By using the quantitative methods to estimate models: Pooled OLS, REM and FEM. Overall, the results of the thesis provide a supportive to prior theories where leverage have a negative impact on firm investment and this negative relation is stronger in firm with lower growth opportunities.
Moreover, the state-ownership have an effect on the negative relationship of leverage and firm investment. Firm which have state-ownership finds it easier to borrowing from external than other counterparts. And firm with poor performing have less restriction on capital expenditure than other. JEL classification: G32 Keywords: Leverage, investment, Vietnamese, Stata ii DECLARATION The author ensures that the research paper "The impact of leverage on firm investment: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam" is completed by the author and guidance of Master Tran Minh Tam.
References and data are cited completely, clearly, and uniformly in the Reference List. The content and results of this study have not been published in any other articles or projects up until now. The author is responsible for all assurances. Ho Chi Minh city, Author, Nguyen Viet Phuong Linh.
iii APPRECIATION This thesis will not be completed without the dedicated help of my teacher and friends. As an author of this thesis, I would like to express my deep gratitude to my advising instructor – Mr. Tran Minh Tam who has always follow closely and provide sincere comments so that I can finish this thesis. I would like to express my special thanks to Mr.
Nguyen Tran Minh Tri and Mr. Nguyen Thai Bao – friends at my training course at Ho Chi Minh joint stock company, he has encouraged me, while helping me find documents. In addition, I would like to express my thanks to the lecturer at Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City for creating such favorable conditions in the process of study and as well as doing thesis. Finally, I have an appreciation to my family supporting throughout my study process.
Ho Chi Minh city, Author, Nguyen Viet Phuong Linh. iv CONTENT ABSTRACT. iii LIST OF TABLES. vii LIST OF ACRONYMS.3 Object and Scope of the Study and Research question .1 Object and scope of the study .4 Method of the research .5 Significant of the research .1 Theory of leverage and investment .2 Theory of Investment .1 Pecking Order theory .2 Investment theory of Tobin .3 The link between leverage and investment .4 Growth and the impact of leverage on firm investment .5 Leverage, firm investment, and State ownership .6 Studies in the world .1 Studies of the impact of leverage on investment .2 Previous studies about leverage, firm investment, and state ownership in corporate .7 Studies in Vietnam.
METHODOLOGY AND RESEARCH METHOD .1 Research design and research model .2 Research model and hypotheses .1 The impact of leverage on firm investment .2 Test the impact of leverage on two groups of firms .3 The impact of leverage on firm investment and state ownership of enterprise .3 Samples and Sampling method .4 Methods of data analysis. RESULTS OF RESEARCH .1 Summary statistic result .2 Correlation matrix analyze .1 Using Tobin’s Q as growth opportunities .2Testing the sample with Sales proxy growth opportunities .3 The third hypothesis .4 The last hypothesis. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.1 Summarize the result .2 Suggestion and Recommendations .4 Limitations of the topic .5 Recommended next research .71 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 3.3 Result of multicollinearity test .4 Statistic result of OLS of the first model (leverage1).5 The statistic result of Pooled OLS (leverage2) .8 REM and FEM regression result (Leverage1) .9 The result of FEM and REM model (leverage2).12 The result of model of the role of growth opportunities .13 Result of Tobin regression model of second alternative measure of Leverage2 .14 The role of growth opportunities (Variable Growth) .15 Growth opportunities, leverage, and investment .16 The regression result of model 3 .17 The regression result of model 3 .18 The role of state ownership, leverage and investment. 56 viii LIST OF ACRONYMS Abbreviation Meaning HOSE Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchanges OLS Pooled OLS FEM Fixed Effects model REM Random Effects model VIF Variance Inflation Factor ix LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 Summary statisitc information and correlation matrix of variables.
71 APPENDIX 2 Statistic result of Pooled OLS regression (Leverage1). 71 APPENDIX 3 Result of Random Effect model (main model Leverage1). 71 APPENDIX 4 Result of Fixed Effects model of main hypothesis (leverage1). 72 APPENDIX 5 Hausman Test's Result.
72 APPENDIX 6 Langrangian Test's Result. 73 APPENDIX 7 Pooled OLS regression's Result (leverage2). 73 APPENDIX 8 Variance Inflation Factor test (leverage2). 74 APPENDIX 9 Random Effects model Regression Result.
74 APPENDIX 10 Fixed Effect model Regression Result. 75 APPENDIX 11 Hausman test and LM test Result (Leverage2). 76 APPENDIX 12 Pooled OLS Regression when using Dtobin (leverage1). 77 APPENDIX 13 Random Effects model result of Model which have Dtobin(leverage1).
77 APPENDIX 14 Fixed Effects model result of Model which have Dtobin(leverage1). 78 APPENDIX 15 Pooled OLS regression Result of model which have Dtobin (leverage2). 78 APPENDIX 16 Random Effect model Result of model which have Dtobin (leverage2). 79 APPENDIX 17 Fixed Effect regression Result of model which have Dtobin (leverage2).
79 APPENDIX 18 Pooled OLS Result of model which have DState (leverage2). 81 APPENDIX 19 Multicollinearity Test. 82 APPENDIX 20 Random Effect for model which using Dstate (leverage1). 82 APPENDIX 21 Fixed Effect for model which using Dstate (leverage1).
82 APPENDIX 22 Pooled OLS regression Effect for model which using Dstate (leverage1). 83 APPENDIX 23 Multicollinearity Test (VIF Leverage2). 83 APPENDIX 24 Random Effects Effect for model which using Dstate (leverage2). 84 APPENDIX 25 Fixed Effects model Effect for model which using Dstate (leverage2).
84 APPENDIX 26 Pooled OLS regression (Growth, Leverage and Investment). 85 APPENDIX 27 Random Effect regression (Growth, Leverage, and Investment). 86 APPENDIX 28 Fixed Effect regression (Growth, Leverage and Investment). 86 APPENDIX 29 Hausman test and LM test model (Growth, Leverage, and Investment).
87 APPENDIX 30 Heteroskedasticity Test. 88 x APPENDIX 31 Pooled OLS regression (Growth, Leverage and Investment) with Dstate. 88 APPENDIX 32 Multicollinearity test. 89 APPENDIX 33 Random Effect model (Growth, Leverage and Investment) with Dstate.
89 APPENDIX 34 Fixed Effect model (Growth, Leverage and Investment) with Dstate. 90 APPENDIX 35 Heteroskedasticity Test (Growth, Leverage and Investment) with Dstate. 90 APPENDIX 36 Regression result when Growth higher than median. 91 APPENDIX 37 Regression Result when using Dummy variables (Growth higher than median).
91 APPENDIX 38 Regression result Growth lower than median. 92 APPENDIX 39 Regression Result when using Dummy variables (Growth lower than median). 92 APPENDIX 40 Regression Result of Model testing Loss variable. 93 APPENDIX 41 Regression result testing Loss and Levereage Interaction.
93 APPENDIX 42 Regression Result testing the interaction of State and leverage in Loss preforming firm .1 Research Issue Corporate investment activities play a crucial role and have a great influence on growth and operation of firm. In order to have an efficiency investment, corporate need to find appropriate sources of capital to finance assets needed for the operation process in the future, through targeted investment projects, deployment methods and specific implementations to maximize value for the owner. Because all of investment activities have an influence on growth and operation of firm, thus searching and choosing an investment portfolio should be considered carefully in the context of a fierce and competitive environment to make right decision on what corporate will invest. Besides, for making investment decision, managers also come to decisions about which source of capital should be used.
One of the issues often become controversial topic is the use of financial leverage. The way firms use leverage and how they adjust most suitable leverage in the most suitable way for each investment portfolio. Each investment cases have different method of capital. Therefore, investment activities are a crucial determinant of corporate strategy.
Once, the financial manager made mistake in choosing investment capital which would bring a complex and serious consequences for the corporation. Using financial leverage in a project is like using a leverage, which can amplify the benefits of that project to businesses many times more than the value when not in use. However, leverage can also amplify losses that would be exceedingly small without using leverage. Since capital derived from debt can become a burden in the future of corporation if that capital is not used properly.
As the enormous impact of leverage on investment, this impact has become a subject for research in recent decades. Some typical studies namely: Lang et al. (1996), Aivazian (2005), Ahn et al. 2 The issue related to leverage and corporate investment is being more interesting in Vietnam, especially when Vietnam has policies to promote investment of domestic enterprises.
However, recent studies in Vietnam show that the topics are often surrounding issues related to leverage and firm activities. Case studies related to the relationship of financial leverage and specific corporate investment namely Nguyen Thi Ngoc Trang, 2013; Tran Thi Thuy Dung, 2013; Tan, Đ. Studies that assess the relationship between financial leverage and state ownership or ownership of a listed company (Phan Thi Bich Nguyet, 2014; Tran Thi Anh Nguyet, 2014; Pham Thi Hong Van, Dao, HT 2014). In an open market, with an extremely high economic growth rate, accompanied by the government's supportive policies to promote corporates to invest such as Vietnam.
Considering the use of leverage that has good or bad effects will help administrators have a better view of the appropriate resource selection. For these reasons, the author has chosen the topic "The impact of Leverage on firm investment: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam".2 Research Purpose The research objective of the thesis is to evaluate the impact of leverage on investment activities of enterprises, the research is conducted in Vietnam. Specific objectives include: Determine the impact of leverage on corporate investment. Study the impact of leverage on different groups of businesses on growth rate and scale.
Provide new empirical evidence for the impact of leverage and corporate investment.3 Object and Scope of the Study and Research question 1.1 Object and scope of the study The object of study is the impact of financial leverage on corporate investment and the factors affecting that level of impact. The subjects surveyed were non-financial companies listed on the Ho Chi Minh Stock Exchange (HOSE). The research scope of the thesis focuses on analyzing the impact of financial leverage on corporate investment in joint stock companies on HOSE stock exchanges. The author of this paper does not consider other types of leverage such as operating leverage and total leverage.