I 17014128879721000000 Table of Contents Acknowledgements………………………………………………….VI List of Abbreviations……………………………………………………….VII List of Tables…………………………………………………………………IX List of Figures…………………………………………………………………X Chapter 1 – Introduction…………………………………………………….3 Chapter 2 – Literature review……………………………………………….1) Theoretical basis of regulatory impact on bank performance……….1) Basic theories of bank regulations…………………………….2) Types of regulations………………………………………………8 2.2) Correlation between regulations and bank performance………………….3) Previous studies results………………………………………………….14 Chapter 3 – Overview of regulatory policies in Vietnam banking sector.1) The State Bank of Vietnam……………………………………………….2) Real situation of Vietnam’s banking sector 2010-2018………………….1) State-owned Commercial Banks……………………………….2) Joint-stock Commercial Banks………………………………….3) Foreign banks and branches…………………………………….4) Assets and capital……………………………………………….7) Non-performing loan……………………………………………31 3.3) Regulatory policies in the Vietnamese banking sector………………….4) Regulatory impact on Vietnam’s banking sector…………………………39 Chapter 4 – Methodology and Data……………………………………….1) Analytical framework and methodology………………………………….2) Variables and sources of data………………………………………….46 Chapter 5 – Empirical results and discussion…………………………….1) SFA result of Circular 13 and Circular 36 (2010-2018)…………….2) SFA result of Circular 13 (2010-2014)………………………………….3) SFA result of Circular 36 (2015-2018)………………………………….52 Chapter 6 – Conclusion and recommendations………………………….1) For future regulatory policies……………………………………55 6.2) For regulators and policy makers……………………………….63 IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation was completed as a partial requirement for fulfillment of degree at UWE Bristol and Banking Academy’s Master program in Finance. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Dr. Nguyen Phi Lan, my academic supervisor, for his great efforts to guide and provide timely and informative advices that helped me research and complete the thesis. Without his help I would not been able to complete this dissertation.
I would also like to express my gratitude to all lecturers of UWE Bristol and Banking Academy’s program for Master degree in Finance for their dedication and keen interest on me at every stages of my study. I also want to thank my classmate, the friends I have made in the course, for our exchanges of knowledge, skills during the master degree program, which helped enrich my knowledge and experiences. I wish to extend my thanks to my family for their assistance and encouragement in the making of this thesis. Vu Dang Tung V ABSTRACT This thesis attempts to examine the impact of regulatory policies on Commercial banks performance in Vietnam over the period between 2010-2018 using the Stochastic frontier analysis Model with data collected from 30 commercial banks in Vietnam.
After examining the regulatory impact on the performance of these banks, this thesis aims to examine have the goals of regulatory policies implemented by the State Bank of Vietnam been reached. VI LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS RIA: Regulatory Impact Analysis SBV: State Bank of Vietnam SFA: Stochastic Frontier Analysis DEA: Data Envelopment Analysis GMM: Generalized Method of Movement MENA: Middle East and North Africa VND: Vietnam Dong BCBS: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision CAR: Capital adequacy ratio GPD: Gross Domestic Product SOCBs: State-owned Commercial Banks VBSP: Vietnam Bank for Social Policies JSCBs: Joint-stock Commercial Banks JVBs: Joint venture Banks WFOBs: Wholly Foreign-owned Banks VII FBBs: Foreign Bank Branches M&A: Merger and Acquisition WTO: World Trade Organization ROA: Return on Assets ROE: Return on Equity NLP: Non-performing Loan BSA: Banking Supervision Agency VAMC: Vietnam Assets Management Company GDP: Gross Domestic Product CIC: Credit Information Center VIII LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Credit institutions in Vietnam (as of 31/12/2018) Table 2: Assets and capital of Vietnam credit institutions (2018) Table 3: Credit institution’s operational indication (2018) Table 4: Performance of Credit institutions – Key Statistical Ratios Table 5: Variable description of Data sources Table 6: Statistical description of variables Table 7: Estimation result of SFA model (2010-2018) Table 8: Estimation result of SFA model (2010-2015) Table 9: Estimation result of SFA model (2015-2018) IX LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Organization structure of the SBV Figure 2: The system of Credit institutions in Vietnam Figure 3: Market cap of SOCBs in Vietnam Figure 4: Foreign assets in Vietnam banking sector (2009-2018) Figure 5: Capital accounts in Vietnam banking sector (2009-2018) Figure 6: Credit growth of banking sector (2013-2018) Figure 7: Non-performing loan ratio of Vietnam banking sector (2012-2018) Figure 8: Bank assets to GDP of Vietnam (2008-2017) X CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1) Research rationales Regulatory policies are effective rules set by the government to define the bound of legal actions and behavior. Government apply regulatory policies through laws, regulations and other instruments with the goal to achieve their economic objectives, gain positive social out come and thus enhance the life of citizens and business. In the banking sector, these regulations are requirements and guidelines that banks must follow to ensure transparency between banking institutions and their customers, either individuals or companies.
Regulatory compliance is a necessity and challenge for any organization in every industry. The Regulatory Impact Analysis is an important tool to assess critically the impact of both proposed and existing regulatory policies, both positive and negative. Without RIA, government regulations could become unaccountable, inconsistent, non-transparent. Furthermore, governments would find it extremely difficult to create new regulatory policies that benefit the economy and citizen’s life without the help of data from RIA to predict the potential impacts of new policies.
RIA can help government ensures that their regulatory policies are 1 efficient, effective, and up to date with a constantly changing and globalizing world. In recent years, the main factors that had the most influence on commercial bank’s business model are market pressure, shifts in risk-return preference, and regulatory reforms. After the 2007-2008 global financial crisis, governments all over the world have implemented many types of regulations to keep the banking sector stable, including policies that force changes in operation structure and business model, increasing focus on traditional banking activities. These regulations however have posed an additional cost to many of the bank’s trading activities, which would result in a fall in the number of bank operation.
Many commercial banks started shifting towards retail banking after the crisis, providing more personal banking services. Recent global developments such as the fierce ongoing trade war between two of the biggest power in the world which is China and the US, increasing macroeconomic risks and uncertainty across the region, along with the devastating impact from the Covid-19 pandemic, pose a considerable threat to Vietnam’s macroeconomics and bank performance. It falls to the State bank of Vietnam to implement regulatory policies to stabilize, protect, and stimulate Vietnam’s banking sector. 2 This thesis aims to research the relationship between regulatory policies and Vietnamese bank performance and consequently recommendations will be proposed in order to assist future policy making decisions.2) Research objectives Analyze and assess the regulatory impact on Vietnamese banks performance, using the Stochastic frontier analysis model with data collected from a sample size of 30 Vietnamese commercial banks within the period between 2010-2018.3) Research questions Main question: How do regulatory policies affects bank performance in Vietnam from 2010-2018? Sub questions: - Is there statistical relation between the capital adequacy requirement and the cost efficiency of Vietnamese commercial banks? - Did the regulatory policies implemented by the State bank of Vietnam had the desired effect on the banking sector? 1.4) Thesis structure: This thesis comprises 6 chapters, including: Chapter 1.
Introduction: 3 The first chapter – Introduction is to provide an overview of theoretical frameworks of the relationship between government regulatory policies and bank’s performance. Then presents the thesis objectives and hypothesis, expected results, research direction, thesis purpose, and finally present the thesis structure. Literature review: This chapter review a number of theoretical framework and researches in the past that apply Regulatory impact analysis on certain economies and banking systems around the world. Additionally, this chapter also shows different methods and models that can be used for Regulatory impact analysis, then show related results from these researches.
Overview of regulatory policies in Vietnam’s banking sector: This chapter provides an overview of the State Bank of Vietnam (SBV), current situation of Vietnam’s banking sector from 2010-2018, regulatory policies in Vietnam, including history of policies and laws that affect the banking sector and the regulatory impact that these policies had on the Vietnamese banking sector. Data and Methodology: This chapter describes the analytical framework of the SFA model for cost efficiency, then discuss the database, its sources and set up an econometric model 4 which will be used to conduct the estimations. Then show the necessary steps needed to answer the research questions. Empirical results and findings: This chapter presents the results of the econometric model used in chapter 4.
From that, we can compare the findings with the results of previous studies, and find reason for the similarity or differences between each studies. Conclusion and recommendations: This chapter presents the conclusion drawn from the discussion of empirical result in chapter 5, then make recommendations for future regulatory policies as well as policy makers in Vietnam to be used as a base for future researches on the subject. 5 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1) Theoretical basis of regulatory impact on bank performance: 2.1) Basic theories of regulation: The techniques, development and application of regulatory policies has long been a major academic research subject. Some earlier studies say that the theory of regulation is a variant of interest theories, namely, public interest theory and private interest theory (Baldwin R C.
The public interest theory consider that regulatory policies and tools are developed with the goal of contributing to public interest (Baldwin R C., 1999), which is to aim to achieve certain publicly desired goals that the market has yet to realize. However, according to Landis (1938), the definition of public interest is a difficult subject to agree on, which can create conflicting interest when regulatory policies are implemented. There is also the problem of corrupt regulators making biased policies for their own personal gain, and incompetent regulators will damage the economy with poorly designed policies. Not only that, politically charged regulations might be used to serve the interest of a single party or faction instead of the general public (REDFORD, 1952).
The private interest theory regards regulation as a direct result of the contest of power between different groups or parties. Regulatory policies could’ve been 6 negotiated by a number of key players, then applied with the pretext of public interest (Bernstein, 1995). Stigler (1971) view that regulation is a tool used by key private interest group to shape the industry to achieve maximum utility, these policies were designed and operated for the benefit of those in power. However, this theory also fails to explain every case of regulatory policies, as there are many regulations in effect that go against the interest of corporations to maximize profit, such as environmental regulations, minimum wages, or regulation forcing company to stay out of certain markets.
According to a study by Johan den Hertog about general theories of regulation, a distinction can be made between positive and normative theories of regulation. In which the positive theories focus on the economic explanation of regulation, with the goal of deriving the consequences of regulatory policies. These theories examine why these regulation need to be implemented, and they often come to the general conclusion that these policies exist to align market interest with government interest and to ensure customer rights and healthy competition. On the other hand, normative theories investigate which types of regulation is the most efficient, with the assumption that efficient regulatory policies would also be desirable.
Normative theories of regulation generally conclude that regulators should encourage competition whenever possible, aim to minimize information asymmetry, provide incentives for market operators to 7 improve performance, implement an efficient price structure and promote transparency. Other studies use many different theories to give definition to the term ‘regulation’. For example, regulation can be separated into economic regulation and social regulation (Viscusi, 1995), then economic regulations into structural and conduct regulation (Vickers, 1990). Prime examples of structural regulatory policies are the conditions and requirement on entering or exiting a market, preventing firms from providing products and services without the required qualifications.
On the other hand, conduct regulatory policies are used to control the behaviors of both provider and consumers, including price control, labeling, advertising, and minimum quality standard.