MINISTER OF EDUCATION STATE BANK OF VIETNAM BANKING UNIVERSITY OF HO CHI MINH CITY GRADUATE THESIS BANKING AND FINANCE Major ID: 52340201 BANK LIQUIDITY AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN VIET NAM Student’s Name: Vo Thi Nhu Quynh Student ID: 030631150287 Supervisor: PhD Le Ha Diem Chi Tp.Hồ Chí Minh, October, 2019 ABSTRACT SUMMARY This research is taken to achieve the particular goals followed by: (i) Finding out and examining the determinants of liquidity of Vietnam commercial banks.(ii) Proposing practical recommendations and policies for improving liquidity system of Vietnam commercial banks. The sample of the research was collected from financial report Vietnamese commercial banks in the period from 2010-2018. The research using the method of description, synthesis, comparison, analysis to raise the factors affecting the liquidity of commercial banks and build a research model. Quantitative method: Implementing the multivariate regression model, the regression process uses multivariate regression analysis for panel data including: Implementation of Pooled OLS, FEM, REM and FLGS models.
The estimation results show that the variables have a positive impact on the bank liquidity such as return on asset, operating expenses, size, deposit and gross domestic product. Besides, the variables that have the opposite effect on the bank liquidity are the loans. In general, it can be seen that the return on asset variable has the most powerful impact on the bank liquidity. This shows that when the commercial banks operate effectively, the profits of banks will increase.
When the profit of a commercial bank increases, the quality of its liquidity system will be guaranteed, which makes the bank liquidity of commercial banks increase. This research contributes to build an academic document by examining the determinants and what extent to Vietnam commercial banks’ liquidity. According to the estimated results, research also suggests recommendations and policies to enhance the liquidity quality, thence to mitigate loan default, bankruptcy and improve bank operation efficiency. ii DISCLOSURE This thesis is belong to the author's own research, the result is honest and there is no previously published content or the content done by other people except the citations which are fully cited in the thesis.
Tp Hồ Chí Minh, Day … Month … 2019 Author of thesis Vo Thi Nhu Quynh iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS\ The author would like to thank the teachers from Ho Chi Minh City Banking University for admitting valuable knowledge to me during the previous time, that knowledge is not only the foundation that not only helps me. It can help carry out this research project but also be useful for my work in the future. I would like to express my most sincere thanks to PhD. Le Thi Diem Chi, who has been dedicated to giving me guidance, leadership, and suggestions during the course of the dissertation, from the implementation of the proposal, the search for talent, data until the completion of this thesis statement.
According to the limited knowledge, it is challenging to avoid shortcomings in the dissertation process, I look forward to receiving further advice and suggestions from teachers to help me superlative and achieve better as a result. iv COMMENTS OF SUPERVISOR. HCM, day …… month …… year …… Supervisor v CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION. THE RECOMMENDATION OF RESEARCH.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY. RESEARCH’S SUBJECT AND RANGE. MAJOR THEMES OF THE RESEARCH .5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .1 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF BANK LIQUIDITY .1 THE DEFINITION OF BANK LIQUIDITY .2 THE ROLE OF BANK LIQUIDITY FOR VIETNAMESE COMMERCIAL BANKS .3 SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF LIQUIDITY AND NET LIQUIDITY STATUS .1 The supply of liquidity .3 Net liquidity status .2 FACTORS AFFECTING ON BANK LIQUIDITY .1 GROUP OF FACTORS INSIDE THE BANK .1 External Funding Dependence (EFD) .2 Equity to Total Assets (ETA).3 The the weight of operating expenses compared to total assets (CEA) .4 Loans loss provision to total loans (LLPTL) .6 Return on Equity (ROE) .7 Return on asset (ROA) .9 Net Interest Margin (NIM) .2 GROUP OF FACTORS OUTSIDE THE BANK .1 PROPOSING A RESEARCH MODEL OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING ON LIQUIDITY OF COMMERCIAL BANK VIET NAM .2 DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES .1 THE DEPENDENT VARIABLE .1 THE BANK LIQUIDITY (LIQ) .2 THE RETURN ON ASSET (ROA).4 THE PERCENTAGE OF LOANS IN RELATION (TLA) .5 THE WEIGHT OF OPERATING EXPENSES (CEA) .6 THE SHARE OF DEPOSITES (TDES) .7 THE GROWTH ECONOMY (GDP) .8 THE RATE OF INFLATION ( INF) .1 DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SIZE .1 FUNDAMENTAL OF PANEL DATA .2 TECHNIQUES USED FOR PANEL REGRESSION .3 VERIFY MODEL SELECTION .4 DEFECTIVE TESTING OF MODELS .1 INTRODUCTION ABOUT COMMERCIAL BANKS IN VIET NAM .2 ACTUAL SITUATION OF BANK LIQUIDITY OF VIETNAMESE COMMERCIAL BANKS FROM 2010 TO 2018 .1 ANALYSIS OF DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS .2 TEST OF MULTICOLLINEARITY .3 ESTIMATION RESULTS OF 3 MODELS POOLED OLS, FEM, REM .1 ESTIMATION RESULTS OF POOLED OLS MODEL .2 ESTIMATION RESULTS OF FEM MODEL .3 ESTIMATION RESULTS OF REM MODEL .4 CHOOSE BETWEEN TWO MODELS POLS AND FEM.6 FEM TEST FOR THE ERRORS OF FEM .2 TEST FOR HETEROSKEDASTICITY .4 DISCUSS THE RESEARCH RESULTS .1 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ROA AND LIQ .2 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN TLA AND LIQ .3 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SIZE AND LIQ .4 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN CEA AND LIQ .5 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN TDES AND LIQ .6 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN INF AND LIQ .7 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN GDP AND LIQ .1 CONCLUSION ABOUT THE IMPACT OF THE MICRO AND MACRO FACTORS ON THE BANK LIQUIDITY OF VIETNAMESE COMMERCIAL BANKS AND GIVE SOME PROPOSES TO IMPROVE THE BANK LIQUIDITY.2 SUGGESTING SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE BANK LIQUIDITY FOR VIETNAMESE COMMERCIAL BANKS .1 INCREASING THE QUALITY OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES .2 CREATING A STRONG BANK SIZE .3 SETTING PROVISION FOR CREDIT RISKS.4 INCREASE COSTS THAT ARE BENEFICIAL TO THE OPERATION OF THE BANK AND CUT DOWN UNNECESSARY EXPENSES.5 INCREASING CAPITAL MOBILIZATION FROM DEPOSITS OF INDIVIDUAL AND CORPORATE CUSTOMERS.3 LIMITATIONS OF THE TOPIC AND THE NEXT RESEARCH DIRECTION .1 LIMITATIONS OF THE TOPIC .2 THE NEXT RESEARCH DIRECTION .57 ix LIST OF ACRONYMS Acronyms Explain 1 BCBS Committee on Banking Supervision 2 CEA The weight of Operating Expenses compared to Total assets. 3 EAT Earnings After Tax 4 EFD External Funding Dependence 5 FEM Fixed- Effects Model 6 FGLS Feasible Generalized Least Squares 7 GMM Generalized Method of Moments 8 GDP Economic growth 9 INF Inflation in the economy 10 LIQ The Bank Liquidity 11 NIM Net Interest Margin 12 NHTM Commercial Bank 13 TDES T Deposite ratio 14 TLA Ratio of loans in relation to total assets 15 POLS Pooled Orditionary Least Squares 16 ROA Return On Asset 17 ROE Return On Equity 18 REM Random-Effects Model x TABLES No.
Table Page 1 Table 3. Table describing variables 13-14 2 Table 3. List of commercial banks in the research sample period 15 2010-2018 3 Table 4. The number of Commercial Banks from 1997 to 2018 22 4 Table 4.
Descriptive statistics 26 5 Table 4. Correlations between variables 28 6 Table 4. Estimation results of Pooled OLS model 29 7 Table 4. Estimation results of FEM model 29 8 Table 4.
Estimation results of REM model 30 9 Table 4. VIF test 31 10 Table 4. Result of FGLS 32 xi FIGURES No. Figure Page 1 Figure 4.
Actual situation of bank liquidity of Vietnamese commercial 23 banks from 2010 to 2018 2 Figure 4.2 shows the correlation between ROA and LIQ 33 3 Figure 4.3 shows the correlation between TLA and LIQ 34 4 Figure 4.4 shows the correlation between SIZE and LIQ 34 5 Figure 4.5 shows the correlation between CEA and LIQ 35 6 Figure 4.6 showa the correlation between TDES and LIQ 36 7 Figure 4.7 shows the correlation between INF and LIQ 36 xii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Introduce the topic and the necessity of the paper. Determine research objectives, research questions, subject and scope of research. In addition, verify research method, meaning and contribution of the study. INTRODUCTION As liquidity problems of some banks during global financial crisis re-emphasised, liquidity is very important for functioning of financial markets and the banking sector.
Theoretically, the liquidity of commercial banks (commercial banks) is defined as the ability of the bank to fund asset growth and meet its obligations as they fall due without incurring acceptable losses (BIS (2008)). Indeed, the Basel Committee (2009) explained that the viability of commercial banks depends on the liquidity position of the bank. Diamond and Dybvig (1983) were the first to provide the evidence on the importance of role of the bank in the creation of liquidity. In addition, the optimal level of liquidity is strongly linked to effective banking operations if liquidity is not generated properly, which can lead to insolvency (in case of low liquidity) and low profitability (in the case of high liquidity) and finally destroyed shareholders value and may be harmful to other banks and because of the contagion effect.
For example, this could lead to the fastest risk of bankruptcy. There are several researchs on bank liquidity in different economies and regions on the world. Therefor, we can classifie factors affecting bank liquidity into two main groups: the group of endogenous factors and the group of exogenous factors. Specifically, the group of factors within the bank: bank size, capital ratio, credit risk, NIM, deposit ratio, ROA, ROE.
Besides, exogenous factors include: Inflation in the economy (INF); Economic growth (GDP). This research aims to identify the factors that influence bank liquidity in Vietnam context in period (2010-2018). Based on the analysis results, we give some recommendations. It is suitable to improve the bank liquidity of Vietnamese commercial banks in the future.
THE RECOMMENDATION OF RESEARCH Bank liquidity is an important factor in commercial banks, lack of bank liquidity can lead to the collapse of a bank. In 2007, the crisis from subprime lending by the US submerged the entire US economy in particular as well as the global financial system. The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS, 2004) points out that one of the main causes of the crisis is liquidity issues. Banks that rely on short-term money markets to fund their operating assets tend to have very high liquidity problems, according to vneconomy: “The explosion of subprime lending a deep source of the imbalance in global credit capital in recent years.
While credit growth is increasing from open monetary policies, the demand for capital mobilization of businesses after US financial scandals such as Enron, Worldcom and information technology crisis since 2001 decline again. Governments also increasingly control budget deficits to avoid borrowing from external capital. The imbalance between supply and demand of capital leads to the overcapacity of capital sources that the market does not use effectively. Subprime lending is a solution to the problem of capital surplus to maximize profits.
Excessive lending of subprime loans for a short time led to a loss of credit quality control, which was the cause of the credit crisis in 2007. After the 2007 financial crisis of the US, all commercial banking systems around the world faced difficulties, especially banks in Vietnam, faced with severe bank liquidity shortage. Although from 2012, this problem has improved but there are still many hidden risks. Therefore, the research "Bank liquidity and its determinants in VietNam" is studied to improve bank liquidity and bring good profits for commercial banks in the future.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. General Objective The general goal of research is to analyze the determinants of liquidity of Vietnamcommercial banks. Moreover, research also suggest some practical solutions to enhance the bank liquidity system of commercial banks. Particular Objective This research is taken to achieve the particular goals followed by: Finding out and examining the determinants of liquidity of Vietnam commercial banks.
Proposing practical recommendations and policies for improving liquidity system of Vietnam commercial banks. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research will answer some questions as follows: - What factors affect the liquidity of commercial banks in Vietnam? - What is the impact level of these factors? What factors affect the most liquidity affecting the banking system?