i VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ---------- NGUYỄN THỊ LIÊN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PERFECTIVE MODALS OF NECESSITY, CERTAINTY AND ABILITY AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS FROM SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE (So sánh đối chiếu các trợ động từ tình thái hoàn thành tiếng Anh biểu hiện sự cần thiết, sự chắc chắn và khả năng và tương đương trong tiếng Việt trên quan điểm chức năng hệ thống) M.A Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 HANOI – 2010 ii VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES ---------- NGUYỄN THỊ LIÊN A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH PERFECTIVE MODALS OF NECESSITY, CERTAINTY AND ABILITY AND THEIR VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS FROM SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE (So sánh đối chiếu các trợ động từ tình thái hoàn thành tiếng Anh biểu hiện sự cần thiết, sự chắc chắn và khả năng và tương đương trong tiếng Việt trên quan điểm chức năng hệ thống) M.A Minor Thesis Field: English Linguistics Code: 60 22 15 Supervisor: Đỗ Tuấn Minh (Ph.) HANOI – 2010 iii Declaration I certify that all the material in this study which is not my own word has been identified and acknowledged, and that no material is included for which a degree has been conferred upon me. Signature Nguyễn Thị Liên iv Acknowledgements This study would not be any kind of success but for the valuable and constructive comments, suggestions and enhancement from many people. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Đỗ Tuấn Minh, Vice president for Academic Affairs, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi for the valuable guidance and advice.
He inspired me greatly to work in this thesis. I also would like to thank him for lending me useful materials that relate to the topic of my study. My unending gratitude also goes to all the lecturers in Faculty of Post-graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi in helping me broaden my view and knowledge. I also take this opportunity to convey my sincere thanks to Prof.
Hoàng Văn Vân for giving us interesting, informative and useful lectures in Functional Grammar, which motivated me to carry out this thesis. In addition, an honorable mention goes to my family, colleagues and friends for their understandings and supports on me in completing this study. Without the help of the particular that was mentioned above, I would face many difficulties while doing this thesis. Last, but no means least, my debt to the authors and publishers of the books listed in the References is equally great.
To these all scholars, I offer my deep gratitude. Hanoi, August 2010, Nguyễn Thị Liên v List of tables and figures Tables and figures Page Table 1: Modalization and modulation (Halliday 1994: 91) …………………. 8 Table 2: Modality value (Halliday 1994: 360) ………………………………… 10 Table 3: Modal operators ……………………………………………………… 14 Table 4: Modal verbs in English and Vietnamese in the negative …………… 17 Table 5: Three “values” of modality ………………………………………… 21 Table 6: Examples of requirement …………………………………………… 21 Table 7: Examples of modal verbs of necessity with the values ……………… 22 Table 8: Summary of modals of necessity in the scale (Lock 1996: 213) …… 22 Table 9: Deductions and predictions ………………………………………… 28 Table 10: Examples of likelihood ………………………………………………. 30 Table 11: Examples of modal verbs of certainty with the values ……………… 30 Table 12: Summary of modals of certainty in the scale (Lock 1996: 213) …… 31 Table 13: Summary of modal verbs of necessity, certainty and ability ………… 40 Figure 1: Probability and obligation with positive and negative propositions and 20 proposals ………………………………………………………….
Figure 2: Modal values …………………………………………………………. 22 Figure 3: Modal operators of certainty …………………………………………. 29 Figure 4: Modal values …………………………………………………………. 30 vi Abstract Modality is a topic of great interest for many grammarians.
As far as the traditional view is concerned, modality is defined as the grammaticalization of speakers’ (subjective) attitudes and opinions. When it comes to Systemic Functional Grammar, modality refers to the area of meaning that lies between yes and no – the intermediate ground between positive and negative polarity. Despite the differences in the way they name, define or classify modality, linguists of traditional and functional view agree with each other on that modal auxiliaries are one of the most important means to express modality. In the light of Systemic Functional Grammar, modal auxiliaries are characterized by the seven features.
There is a fixed list of modal operators which are ranked according to the values. In this thesis, I have no intention of covering everything about modal verbs or all their meanings. Rather, only the modals with have done (called perfective modals) of three meanings - necessity, certainty and ability – are the concentrations of my analyses. The modal verbs of necessity introduced by functional linguists are must, needn’t, have to, may, should, shouldn’t, can and can’t.
However, only should, ought to in the positive and should not, ought not to, need not in the negative can combine with relative past tense to express past requirement. The equivalents for these modals in Vietnamese are cần, phải, cần phải, khỏi, nên. According to the functional grammarians, must, will, may, could, can’t, will, won’t, should and needn’t are modals of certainty. Of the modal verbs, must have, would have, should have, ought to have, may have, might have, could have in the positive and can’t have, could not have, may not have in the negative can go with have done to express certainty with different values.
In Vietnamese, such verbs as khắc, phải, có thể, không thể can be regarded as the equivalents for these auxiliary verbs. In English, the modals like can, can’t, could, could not can express ability. The two modals – could and could not combine with relative past tense to indicate past ability. Vietnamese equivalents for the modals of ability are có thể and không thể.
vii Table of contents Page Declaration …………………………………………………………………………… i Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………………. ii List of tables and figures ……………………………………………………………. iv Table of contents ……………………………………………………………………. Rationale for the Study …………………………………………………………… 2 1.
Aims of the Study ………………………………………………………………… 3 1. Scope of the Study ………………………………………………………………. Methodology of the Study ………………………………………………………. Design of the Study ……………………………………………………………….
3 5 Chapter 2: Theoretical Orientations ………………………………. Modality in English ………………………………………………………………. The traditional view of Modality ………………………………………. The definition of Modality ………………………………….
Types of Modality ……………………………………………… 6 2. Markers of Modality ……………………………………………. Modality in Functional Grammar ………………………………………. Polarity and Modality ………………………………………….
Types of modality ……………………………………………… 7 viii 2. Realizations of modality ………………………………………. Modality in Vietnamese …………………………………………………………. Different viewpoints of modality in Vietnamese ……………………….
Types of modality ………………………………………………………. Expressions of modality ………………………………………………. Features of Modality in Vietnamese …………………………………… 11 2. Modal verbs in English in the light of Systemic Functional Grammar ………….
Definition of English modal verbs ……………………………………. Features of English modal verbs ………………………………………. List of modal verbs in English …………………………………………. Modal verbs discussed in this study …………………………………….
Modal verbs in Vietnamese ………………………………………………………. Definition of modal verbs in Vietnamese ……………………………… 14 2. Features of modal verbs in Vietnamese ………………………………. List of modal verbs in Vietnamese …………………………………….
Modal verbs discussed in this study ……………………………………. Comparison of modal verbs in English and Vietnamese ………………. 17 Chapter 3: English Perfective modals of necessity, 19 certainty and ability from systemic functional perspective and their Vietnamese equivalents ………………. Perfective modals of necessity and their Vietnamese equivalents ……………….
List of modals of necessity ……………………………………………. Scale of necessity ………………………………………………………. Modals of necessity in the perfective …………………………………. Perfective modal verbs of necessity in the positive ………….
Perfective modals of necessity in the negative ………………. Cần, cần phải ………………………………………………… 25 3. Perfective modals of certainty and their Vietnamese equivalents ………………. List of modals of certainty …………………………………………….
Scale of certainty ………………………………………………………. Modals of certainty in the perfective …………………………………… 31 3. Perfective modals of certainty in the positive ………………. Perfective modals of certainty in the negative ……………….
Perfective modals of ability and their Vietnamese equivalents …………………. List of English modals of ability ………………………………………. Modals of ability in the perfective …………………………………. Summary ………………………………………………………………………… 39 x Chapter 4: Conclusion ……………………………………………………… 41 41 4.
Summary of the study ……………………………………………………………. Problems of teaching and learning English perfective modal verbs ……………. Some suggestions for teaching and learning …………………………………. Suggestions for further research ………………………………………………….
Introduction In recent years, linguists have turned attention from structural to functional linguistics. Greater attention has been paid to the power of language as a tool of communication and areas of sentence’s meanings. The concept of sentence’s meanings has expanded to include not only representative but also modality. Nevertheless, the area of modality is rather harder to define, as has been demonstrated by Palmer (1986).
Similar notions of modality still live on in certain branches of linguistics. The notional category modality is grammatically realized very diversely throughout the sentence, in modal verbs and adverbs. Despite the strong interests in them, the modals remain a high controversial linguistic phenomenon. However, chosen for inclusion in this paper are grams with uses that are associated with modality - necessity, certainty and ability.
According to Palmer (1986), English has a system of modal verbs: will, can, may, must, etc. In Halliday’s view, there are also 12 tenses which are available in non-finite and modalized verbal groups. We have past realized by (secondary) have (in a non-finite form) and past particle. “Although modality itself is not subject to variation in tense, it combines freely with any tense” (1970: 177).
Modal auxiliary verbs may sound easy at first but in fact, they are difficult. Making this explicit to teachers and learners could reduce the teaching and learning burden. Hence, a crucial requirement is the necessity to analyse perfective modals of necessity, certainty and ability in sufficient depth. That is my preoccupation in writing this paper.
Rationale for the Study Of all the languages in the world today, English deserves to be regarded as a world language. Verghese (1989: 1) points out: “One person out of every four on earth can be reached through English”. In English, we can communicate a thought or an idea with precision by learning how to use a verb. It is, therefore, necessary to acquire a thorough knowledge of verbs, among which the English modals seem to be used at high frequencies.
Thanks to modal verbs, the communication among people can be diversified and colourful 2 because they can bring emotions, attitudes or opinions into what they say by using modals. In fact, modal verbs are not simple as thought. They may be considered to be easy for the beginners who just know the meanings superficially. However, when we can command the language better, we find it really difficult to use their distinctive features properly.
English modal auxiliaries have captured my attention since I was a university student. At that time, the fact that the more frequently modals are used, the more errors are made urged me to do a careful research to find what the problems were called “Mistakes in using perfective modals of necessity, certainty and ability by Vietnamese learners of English”. That Graduation Paper was discussed taking the view of traditional grammar. As a part of M.
program, I had chance to study Functional Grammar, which caused a number of troubles for me in the beginning but caught my fancy at the end. After this course, the topic for my thesis arose. That is analyzing perfective modals of necessity, certainty and ability using Systemic Functional Grammar as the theoretical framework. Reviewing the literature, quite a lot of questions concern modality and modals but few of them have yet been definitely answered.
Several researchers and learners have made studies of modality and modals in general rather than perfective modals. My paper does not yet offer a complete and coherent picture but it reflects, in my opinion, some of the best efforts in that direction. All the three reasons mentioned above are my motivations to carry out this study.